2.3 Realism and pragmatism

Instead of revisiting polarised discussions, I have advocated the introduction of a realistic frame of reference (Rajala 2003). Bhaskar's (1979) transcendental realism allows critical use of all possible techniques for an integrated, reflexive, theory-laden and interpretation-led analysis (this process is illustrated in Figure 1). The aspirations are not new (cf. Lock and Harris 1996) but the philosophical arguments are. Wheatley and Gillings (2002, 147-48) point towards a theoretically integrated approach by explaining how theoretical changes have allowed both spatial and qualitative approaches to be applied separately. This can be explained better from a pragmatic view point, according to which the evaluation of arguments and methods is based on the practical results (cf. Philström 1997; Schook 2003). A combination of realism and pragmatism that takes into account the humanistic qualities of archaeological study offers a solid basis for the use of GIS in archaeological reasoning.

Figure 1: Theory and philosophy in archaeological research process

© Internet Archaeology URL: http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue16/2/2.3.html
Last updated: Thur Nov 11 2004