Engagement, Sustainability and Diversity: examining recent heritage policy in Norway

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Policy Background and Structure of Heritage Management in Norway
• 3. Participation, Involvement and Engagement
• 4. Sustainability and Development
• 5. Diversity and Representativeness
• 6. Conclusion

Figure 1: Children explore finds and sites using Augmented Reality technology (Photo: NIKU)

Figure 2: Schoolchildren are introduced to Medieval Oslo (Photo: NIKU)

Figure 3: Children excavate archaeological remains (Photo: NIKU)

Almansa Sánchez, J. 2013 'To be or not to be? Public archaeology as a tool of public opinion and the dilemma of intellectuality', Archaeological Dialogues, 20(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203813000044

Almansa Sánchez, J. 2018 'New paths for the future of public archaeology?', Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada (CPAG) 28, 197-209.

Atalay, S. 2012 Community-based Archaeology: Research with, by and for Indigenous and Local Communities, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

Bonacchi, C. 2018 'Public archaeology cannot just 'fly at dusk': the reality and complexities of generating public impact', Antiquity 92(366), 1659-61. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.231

Bonacchi, C., Bevan, A., Keinan-Schoonbaert, A., Pett, D. and Wexler, J. 2019 'Participation in heritage crowdsourcing', Museum Management and Curatorship 34(2), 166-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2018.1559080

Council of Europe 1992 European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/143

Council of Europe 2000 European Landscape Convention. https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/176

Council of Europe 2005 Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680083746

Council of Europe 2018 European Cultural Heritage Strategy for the 21st Century . https://rm.coe.int/european-heritage-strategy-for-the-21st-century-strategy-21-full-text/16808ae270

Det kongelige miljøverndepartementet (KLD) 2005 St.meld. nr. 16 (2004-2005): Leve med kulturminner. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/c6311a10138f40e590c81f3891c96a87/no/pdfs/stm200420050016000dddpdfs.pdf [Last accessed: 19 April 2021].

Det kongelige miljøverndepartementet (KLD) 2013 Meld. St. 35 (2012-2013) Melding til Stortinget: Framtid med fotfeste – Kulturminnepolitikken. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/d188971bddf84055a6e3d2161e6c3ea3/no/pdfs/stm201220130035000dddpdfs.pdf [Last accessed: 19 April 2021].

Det kongelige klima- og miljødepartement (KLD) 2020 Meld. St. 16 (2019-2020) Nye mål i kulturmiljøpolitikken — Engasjement, bærekraft og mangfold. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/35b42a6383f442b4b501de0665ec8fcf/no/pdfs/stm201920200016000dddpdfs.pdf [Last accessed: 19 April 2021].

Det kongelige kulturdepartement (KUD) 2018 Meld. St. 10 (2018-2019) Frivilligheita – sterk, sjølvstendig, mangfaldig: Den statlege frivilligheitspolitikken. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/82a9eff104b3441d92c04198370a0724/nn-no/pdfs/stm201820190010000dddpdfs.pdf [Last accessed: 19 April 2021].

Det kongelige kulturdepartement (KUD) 2021 Meld. St. 23 (2020-2021) Musea i samfunnet – Tillit, ting og tid. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/573ad8ffd103469087db8ee693de5060/nn-no/pdfs/stm202020210023000dddpdfs.pdf [Last accessed: 19 April 2021].

Fredheim, L.H. 2018 'Endangerment-driven heritage volunteering: democratisation or 'Changeless Change'', International Journal of Heritage Studies 24(6), 619-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1399285

Geiran, H. 2019 Umistelig arv. https://www.riksantikvaren.no/Aktuelt/Nyheter/Umistelig-arv [Last accessed: 6 December 2019].

González-Ruibal, A., Alonso González, P. and Criado-Boado, F. 2018 'Against reactionary populism: towards a new public archaeology', Antiquity 92(362), 507-15. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.227

Harrison, R. 2013 'Forgetting to remember, remembering to forget: late modern heritage practices, sustainability and the 'crisis' of accumulation of the past', International Journal of Heritage Studies 19(6), 579-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.678371

Högberg, A., Holtorf, C., May, S. and Wollentz, G. 2017 'No future in archaeological heritage management?', World Archaeology 49(5), 639-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2017.1406398

Hølleland, H. and Skrede, J. 2019a 'Regionreformen: Demokratisering og politisering av kulturminneforvaltningen', Heimen 56(2), 127-42. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1894-3195-2019-02-05

Hølleland, H. and Skrede, J. 2019b 'What's wrong with heritage experts? An interdisciplinary discussion of experts and expertise in heritage studies', International Journal of Heritage Studies 25(8), 825-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1552613

Kajda, K., Marx, A., Wright, H., Richards, J., Marciniak, A., Salas Rossenbach, K., Pawleta, M. et al. 2017 'Archaeology, heritage and social value: public perspectives on European archaeology', European Journal of Archaeology 21(1), 96-117. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.19

Kelty, C.M. 2017 'Too much democracy in all the wrong places: toward a grammar of participation', Current Anthropology 58(15), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1086/688705

Kiddey, R. 2020 'I'll tell you what I want, what I really, really want! Open archaeology that is collaborative, participatory, public, and feminist', Norwegian Archaeological Review 51(3), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2020.1749877

Marx, A., Nurra, F. and Salas Rossenbach, K. (eds) 2017 Europeans & Archaeology. A survey on the European perception of archaeology and archaeological heritage, Paris: NEARCH. https://doi.org/10.5284/1043770

May, S. 2020 'Heritage, endangerment and participation: alternative futures in the Lake District', International Journal of Heritage Studies 26(1), 71-86, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1620827

Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage 2016-17 Strategy 2017-2021. https://ra.brage.unit.no/ra-xmlui/handle/11250/2442341

Merriman, N. 2004 Public Archaeology, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203646052

Richardson, L. 2017 'I'll give you 'punk archaeology', sunshine', World Archaeology 49(3), 306-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2017.1333036

Schofield, J. 2014 'Heritage expertise and the everyday: citizens and authority in the twenty-first century' in J. Schofield (ed) Who Needs Experts? Counter-Mapping Cultural Heritage, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. 1-12.

Skrede, J. and Hølleland, H. 2018 'Uses of heritage and beyond: Heritage Studies viewed through the lens of critical discourse analysis and critical realism', Journal of Social Archaeology 18(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605317749290

Smith, L. 2006 Uses of Heritage, London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203602263

Smith, L. and Waterton, E. 2009 Heritage, Communities and Archaeology, London: Duckworth.

Stevenson, D., Balling, G. and Kann-Rasmussen, N. 2017 'Cultural participation in Europe: shared problem or shared problematization?', International Journal of Cultural Policy 23(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1043290

Tarlow, S. and Nilsson Stutz, L. 2013 'Can an archaeologist be a public intellectual?', Archaeological Dialogues 20(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203813000032

Wahlgren, K.H. and Svanberg, F. 2008 'Public archaeology as renewer of the historical museum', Public Archaeology 7(4), 241-58. https://doi.org/10.1179/175355308X389067

Waterton, E. and Smith, L. 2010 'The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage'. International Journal of Heritage Studies 16(1-2), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441671

World Commission on Environment and Development 1987 Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press.