Cite this as: Tsiafaki, D. and Katsianis, M. 2021 Stewardship of Digital Archaeological Data in Greece: a landscape of fragmentation, Internet Archaeology 58. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.58.8
This article provides an overview of the current situation in Greece regarding digital archaeological data stewardship. A brief chronicle of Greek archaeology sets the scene for a better understanding of the present situation. Greek archaeology is supervised by the Ministry of Culture and Sports, with the Archaeological Service as the central organisation in charge of antiquities. However, archaeological data resulting from archaeological fieldwork are produced by several other entities. This article presents the policies governing both physical and digital documentation archives. It introduces the current practices for archaeological data preservation and the relevant digital infrastructures, attempting to showcase the existing environment. We categorise prevailing problems on three levels, all based on the fact that digital and open access arrived recently in a well-established environment formed gradually over almost two centuries.
Even so, fragmentation and variation would be the proper terms to describe the status of the stewardship of digital archaeological data in Greece. Our review shows that there is substantial effort directed towards digital archaeological data stewardship and accessibility by all stakeholders within the archaeological sector. Finally, we add a few thoughts and suggestions, and indicate the need to generate a network that could take steps towards more inclusive strategies within digital data stewardship. The key to leveraging change is raising awareness about data sustainability and reuse, and the COVID-19 outbreak indicates a clear change in mentality in this direction, since open access resources have begun to be key to education and research conducted in Greece.
Corresponding author: Despoina Tsiafaki
tsiafaki@athenarc.gr
Culture & Creative Industries Department, Athena - Research & Innovation Center in Information, Communication & Knowledge Technologies, Greece
Markos Katsianis
mkatsianis@upatras.gr
Department of History and Archaeology, University of Patras, Greece
Figure 1: The institutional framework of the Ministry of Culture and Sports (after https://www.coe.int/en/web/herein-system/greece)
Agnousiotis, D. and Vouzaxakis, K. 2015 '3D Διαχείριση αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων με τη χρήση γεωγραφικού Συστήματος Πληροφοριών: Η περίπτωση του Πηλίου' in C. Papadopoulos, E. Paliou, A. Chrysanthi, E. Kotoula, and A. Sarris (eds) Archaeological Research in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the 1st conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Greek Chapter (CAA-GR). Rethymno, 6-8/3/2014, Rethymno: IMS-FORTH. 105-10.
Alexandri, A. 2011 'H ελληνική αρχαιολογία διαχρονικά: Καταγραφή και τεκμηρίωση αρχαιολογικών αρχείων' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Τεκμηρίωση, Διαχείριση και προβολή της Ψηφιακής Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς. Πρακτικά σεμιναρίου τεκμηρίωσης, Αθήνα, 19-20/2/2010, Athens: Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments, 117-25.
Alexopoulos, C., Loukis, E., Mouzakitis, S., Petychakis, M. and Charalabidis, Y. 2018 'Analysing the characteristics of Open Government data sources in Greece', Journal of the Knowledge Economy 9, 721-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0298-8
Antonopoulos, K. 2011 'Η βάση δεδομένων "Αρεθούσα" της Ζ' εφορίας Προϊστορικών και Κλασικών Αρχαιοτήτων για τη διαχείριση των αρχαιολογικών χώρων και θέσεων του νομού Ηλείας' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Τεκμηρίωση, Διαχείριση και προβολή της Ψηφιακής Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς. Πρακτικά σεμιναρίου τεκμηρίωσης, Αθήνα, 19-20/2/2010. Athens: Ministry of Culture and Tourism/Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments. 25-34. http://nam.culture.gr/images/deam/docs/Praktika.pdf [Last accessed: 15 September 2020].
Athanasiou, S., Amiridis, V., Gavriilidou, M., Gerasopoulos, E., Dimopoulos, A., Kaklamani, G., Karagiannis, F., Klampanos, I., Kondili, D., Koumantaros, K., Konstantopoulos, P., Lenaki, K., Likiardopoulos, A., Manola, N., Mitropoulou, D., Benardou, A., Boukos, N., Nousias, A., Ntaountaki, M., Oikouta, S., Ollandezou, L., Papadopoulou, E., Papastamatiou, I., Piperidis, S., Speyer, O., Tsiavos, P., Chrysina, E. and Psomopoulos, F. 2020 National Plan for Open Science. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908953
Bartzi, K., Vasilogamvrakis, N., Lagoudi, E., Ηardouveli, D. and Sachini, E. 2019 'The Digital Repository Service of the National Documentation Centre in Greece: a model for Digital Humanities data management and representation' in S. Allegreza (ed) 8th AIUCD conference: Pedagogy, Teaching and Research in the Age of Digital Humanities - Book of Abstracts. Udine, Italy, 23-25/1/2019, Associazione per l'Informatica Umanistica e la Cultura Digitale. 65-71. http://hdl.handle.net/10442/16126
Bekiari, Ch., Gritzapi, Ch. and Kalomoirakis, D. 1999 'POLEMON: a Federated Database Management System for the documentation, management and promotion of cultural heritage' in J.A. Barcelo, I. Briz and A. Vila (eds) New Techniques for Old Times. CAA98 - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Proceedings of the 26th Conference, Barcelona, March 1998, 317-30.
Benissi, C. 2014 National Policy Report of Greece, HEREIN (21/10/2014). https://rm.coe.int/herein-european-heritage-network-greece-national-policy-report/16808c7762 [Last accessed: 15 September 2020].
Bevan, A. and Conolly, J. 2012 'Intensive survey data from Antikythera, Greece', Journal of Open Archaeology Data 1, p.e3. http://doi.org/10.5334/4f3bcb3f7f21d
Bouras, C. and Routzouni, A. 2018 Greece. 3rd National Action Plan on Open Government 2016-2018. End of Term Self-Assessment Report, https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Greece_End-Term_Self-Assessment_2016-2018_EN.pdf [Last accessed: 15 September 2020].
Canellopoulou-Boti, Μ., Vouligea, Ε. and Sitara, Μ. 2013 'Ανοικτή Πρόσβαση και αρχαιολογικά Δεδομένα (Open Access and Archaeological Data)', Paper presented at the International Conference on Open Access. EKT. 16-18/10/2013. Presentation available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10442/13589. Text available at: https://ihrc.gr/download.php?fgr=announcement_open_access.pdf [Last accessed: 15 September 2020].
Davis, J.L. 2011 The 'Big Digs' Go Digital. Opportunities and Challenges for Large-Scale, Multigenerational Excavation Projects in the Digital Age, White paper. http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6DH2S
DIGITECH-III 2004 'Study of 3D digitization technologies', Operational Programme Information Society 2004 http://www.ipet.gr/digitech [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
DNAM (Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments) 2008 'Digitizing the National Collections of Movable Monuments' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Proceedings of 'Digital Heritage in the New Knowledge Environment: Shared spaces and open paths to cultural content', Athens: Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments - Ministry of Culture. 190.
Doerr, Μ. and Kalomirakis, D. 2000 'A metastructure for thesauri in archaeology' in Computing Archaeology for Understanding the Past, Proceedings of the 28th Conference, Lublijana, April 2000, British Archaeol. Rep. International Series 931. 117-26.
EU 2018/790 European Commission Recommendation (EU) of 25 April 2018 on access to and preservation of scientific information. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reco/2018/790/oj [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
EU 2019/1024 European Commission Directive (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1024/oj
Foka, A., Katerelou, A. Kelaidis, K. and Xekalaki, G. 2017 'Digital archaeology? Greece on focus. Tools, methodologies and trends', Archaeology and the Arts https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2017/09/19/digital-archaeology-greece-on-focus/ [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Georgiadis, H., Papanoti, A., Paschou, M. Roubani, A. Pelekanou, D. Chardouveli, D and Sachini, E. 2016 'Semantics.gr: a self-improving service to repositories and aggregators for massively enriching their content', Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research, Digital Humanities and Digital Curation (DHC) workshop, Göttingen, Germany, 22-25/11/2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10442/15420
Gerousi, E. and Vivliodetis, E. n.d. Ιστορία του Υπουργείου Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού. https://www.culture.gov.gr/DocLib/YPPOA_istoriko_images_2.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Giagkoudi, E., Tsiafaki, D. and Papatheodorou, C. 2018 'Describing and revealing the semantics of excavation notebooks' in I. Chrysakis, L. Harami, D. Angelakis and G. Bruseker (eds) CIDOC 2018, Generating and tracing the 'Provenance of Knowledge', Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 29 September-5 October 2018, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. http://network.icom.museum/fileadmin/user_upload/minisites/cidoc/ConferencePapers/2018/CIDOC2018_paper_71.pdf
IHC (Initiative for Heritage Conservancy) 2014 Discovering the Archaeologists of Greece 2012-14. ISBN 978-618-81517-1-0. https://www.discovering-archaeologists.eu/national_reports/2014/EL%20DISCO%202014%20Greece%20national%20report%20english%20.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
IRM (Independent Reporting Mechanism) 2019 Greece End-of-Term Report 2016-2018 (IRM staff; contributions from A. Melidis, A. Deligiannis and A. Priftis - Openwise). https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Greece_End-of-Term_Report_2016-2018_EN.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Kakavogianni, O. and Gikaki, M. 2016 'Μελέτη και δημοσίευση ευρημάτων παλαιών ανασκαφών από νέους αρχαιολόγους και όχι μόνο' in C. Mitsopoulou, V. Nikolopoulos and M. Filimonos (eds) Η Αρχαιολογία στην Ελλάδα του σήμερα. Μνημεία και άνθρωποι σε κρίση. Πρακτικά διεπιστημονικού συνεδρίου, Αθήνα, 19-20/3/2015. Ένωση Αρχαιολόγων Ελλάδας "Ηώς". 91-96. https://www.academia.edu/29428274 [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Kalomirakis, D. and Pantou, M. 2011 '"Πολυδεύκης" Προβληματική και σχέδιο ανάπτυξης θησαυρού όρων για το Εθνικό Αρχείο Μνημείων' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Τεκμηρίωση, Διαχείριση και προβολή της Ψηφιακής Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς. Πρακτικά σεμιναρίου τεκμηρίωσης, Αθήνα, 19-20/2/2010, Athens: Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments. 251-74. http://nam.culture.gr/images/deam/docs/Praktika.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Katsianis, M. 2013 'Current challenges in documenting the restoration works on the Acropolis of Athens', The Acropolis Restoration Service Newsletter 13, 20-26.
Katsianis, M. and Kamatsos, P. 2017 'The digital repository of YSMA. Contribution to the preservation of the memory of the restoration interventions', The Acropolis Restoration Service Newsletter 16, 22-26.
Katsianis, M., Tsipidis, S. and Kalisperakis, I. 2015 'Enhancing excavation archives using 3D spatial technologies' in C. Papadopoulos, E. Paliou, A. Chrysanthi, E. Kotoula, and A. Sarris (eds) Archaeological Research in the Digital Age. Proceedings of the 1st conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Greek Chapter (CAA-GR). Rethymno, 6-8/3/2014, Rethymno: IMS-FORTH. 46-54.
Kokkou, A. 2009 Η μέριμνα για τις αρχαιότητες στην Ελλάδα και τα πρώτα Μουσεία, Athens: Kapon.
Korka, E. 2007 Foreign Archaeological Schools in Greece from the 19th to the 21st Century, Athens: Melissa.
Koutras, N. 2018 'The Governance Framework of Open Access Repositories Greece', Seattle Journal for Social Justice 16(2). https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol16/iss2/9 [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Laboratory for High Performance Information Systems (LHPIS) 2003 Οδηγός καλών πρακτικών για την ψηφιοποίηση και τη μακροπρόθεσμη διατήρηση του πολιτιστικού περιεχομένου, Version 1.0, University of Patras. http://digitization.hpclab.ceid.upatras.gr [Last accessed: 4 December 2020]
Mazarakis Ainian, A. 2017 'The Aristeia Project: the social archaeology of Early Iron Age and Early Archaic Greece' in A. Mazarakis Ainian, A. Alexandridou and X. Charalambidou (eds) Regional Stories Towards a New Perception of the Early Greek World, University of Thessaly: Volos. 17-34.
MAR (Ministry of Administrative Reconstruction) 2019 4th National Action Plan on Open Government 2019-2021. https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Greece_Action-Plan_2019-2021_EN.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
MARE (Ministry of Administrative Reform and E-Government) 2014 2nd Greek Action Plan on Open Government 2014-2016 https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Greece-OGP-Action-Plan-2014-2016-eng.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Pakkanen, J. 2018 'Three-dimensional documentation of architecture and archaeology in the field. Combining intensive total station drawing and photogrammetry' in A. Brysbaert, V. Klinkenberg, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. and I. Vikatou (eds) Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Built Environment, Leiden: Sidestone Press. 117-40.
Pantos, A.P. 2013 'Το θεσμικό πλαίσιο των ανασκαφών στην Ελλάδα από τον 20ό στον 21ο αιώνα (The legal framework for the archaeological excavations in Greece: From the 20th to the 21th century)', Ανάσκαμμα 6, 93-130. https://anaskamma.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/06_pantos.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Petrakos, V. 1982 Δοκίμιο για την αρχαιολογική νομοθεσία, Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
Petrakos, V. 2013 Πρόχειρον Αρχαιολογικόν, 1828-2012, Athens: Archaeological Society at Athens.
Pispiringas, L., Athanasiou, S., Simaioforidis, Z. and Skoutas, D. 2019 'HEAL-Link and HELIX open collaboration to facilitate and promote scholarly communication through Open Access and engage Research Infrastructures in Open Science', 85th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, World Library and Information Congress (IFLA WLIC 2019). http://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2498
Polymeropoulou, P., Kameas, A., Papadatos, Y., Kalara, A., Sogliani, F., Roubis, D., Vullo, M., Tóth, P., Hons, D., Malíšková, J., Nosek, V. and Pokutta, D. 2020 Training Students in the use of digital technologies in Archaeology. Desk and field research final report, Erasmus+/KA2 project. DELTA: Digital Excavation through Learning and Training in Archaeology. http://www.project-delta.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DELTA-Desk-and-Field-Research_Final-Report.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Riginos, G., Drosou, D., Sakkas, D., Vlachopoulou, R. and Liakos, L. 2008 'Record - documentation - preservation - promotion. Digital applications of the 33rd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities for the management of archaeological data' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Digital Heritage in the New Knowledge Environment: Shared Spaces and Open Paths to Cultural Content. Proceedings of the International Conference. Athens 30/10-2/11/2008, Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture. 44-47.
Routzouni, A., Charalampopoulou, N., Tasiopoulos, S. and Bouras, C. 2016 3rd National Action Plan on Open Government 2016-2018, 27/7/2016. https://www.opengovpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/GREEK_NAP3-OGP-ENG_0.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Sheehan, B. 2015 'Comparing digital archaeological repositories: tDAR versus Open Context', Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 34(4), 173-213, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639269.2015.1096155
Stathopoulos, P., Houssos, N. and Stavrou, G. 2013 Προδιαγραφές και χαρακτηριστικά διαλειτουργικότητας για ανοικτό ψηφιακό περιεχόμενο, Athens: National Documentation Centre. http://hdl.handle.net/10442/8887
Strupler, N., and Wilkinson, T.C. 2017 'Reproducibility in the field: transparency,version control and collaboration on the Project Panormos Survey', Open Archaeology 3(1), 279-304. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2017-0019
Tsiafaki, D. and Michailidou, N. 2018 'Ways to cope with the scientific ARENA: taking the results of archaeological research a step further', Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies (CHNT 23). https://www.chnt.at/wp-content/uploads/WSDownload_diggingdata.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Tsiafaki, D., Tsirliganis, N., Pavlidis, G., Evangelidis, V. and Chamzas, C. 2004 'Karabournaki - recording the past: digitization of an archaeological site' in V. Cappellini and J. Hemsley (eds) Proceedings of EVA 2004: Conference of Electronic Imaging and the Visual Arts, Florence, 25/3-2/4/2004. Bologna. 232-37.
Tzevreni, S. 2011 'Η διαχείριση αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων σωστικών ανασκαφών: Το παράδειγμα της ψηφιακής τεκμηρίωσης των ανασκαφών Μετρό Θεσσαλονίκης' in M. Tsipopoulou (ed) Τεκμηρίωση, Διαχείριση και προβολή της Ψηφιακής Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς. Πρακτικά σεμιναρίου τεκμηρίωσης, Αθήνα, 19-20/2/2010, Athens: Ministry of Culture and Tourism/Directorate of the National Archive of Monuments. 35-44. http://nam.culture.gr/images/deam/docs/Praktika.pdf [Last accessed: 4 December 2020].
Vasilogamvrakis, N. and Bartzi, K. 2015 Καλές πρακτικές τεκμηρίωσης/Good Documentation Practices, Athens: National Documentation Centre. http://hdl.handle.net/10442/15292
Zorba, M. 2014 Πολιτική του Πολιτισμού: Ευρώπη και Ελλάδα στο δεύτερο μισό του 20ού αιώνα, Αθήνα: Patakis.
Internet Archaeology is an open access journal based in the Department of Archaeology, University of York. Except where otherwise noted, content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY) Unported licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that attribution to the author(s), the title of the work, the Internet Archaeology journal and the relevant URL/DOI are given.
Terms and Conditions | Legal Statements | Privacy Policy | Cookies Policy | Citing Internet Archaeology
Internet Archaeology content is preserved for the long term with the Archaeology Data Service. Help sustain and support open access publication by donating to our Open Access Archaeology Fund.