Internet Archaeol 3. Snyder. Part One Notes

Part One Notes

1 E.g.Collingwood, R.G. and Myres, J.N.L. 1936 Roman Britain and the English Settlements. Clarendon Press, Oxford; Frere, Sheppard. 1983 Britannia: A History of Roman Britain. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.; and Alcock, Leslie. 1971 Arthur's Britain. Penguin, New York.. For a more thorough survey of this archaeological tradition, see Snyder, Christopher A. 1994 (Unpublished) 'The Tyrants of Tintagel': The Terminology and Archaeology of Sub-Roman Britain (AD 400-600). PhD dissertation, Emory University: chaps. 1 and 12.

2 E.g. Dumville, David N. 1977 " Sub-Roman Britain:History and Legend," History 62: 173-92. My critique of the written sources can be found in Snyder, Christopher A. forthcoming An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons, AD 400-600. Penn State Univ. Press, Univ. Park, PA: chap. 3.

3 E.g. Arnold, C.J. 1984 Roman Britain to Saxon England. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, IN.. For a critique of this school of thought, see Alcock, Leslie. 1988 "The Activities of Potentates in Celtic Britain, AD 500-800: A Positivist Approach." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 22-46.

4 E.g. Higham, N.J. 1992 Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons. Seaby, London; and Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester.

5 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 67.

6 E.g. Edwards, Nancy and Lane, Alan (eds.) 1988 Early Medieval Settlements in Wales 400-1100. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff; Olson, Lynette. 1989 Early Monasteries in Cornwall. Boydell, Woodbridge, Suffolk: xiv, 41-45; Alcock, Elizabeth A. 1983 "Appendix: Defended Settlements, Fifth to Seventh Centuries AD." In D. Hinton (ed.) 25 Years of Medieval Archaeology, Univ. of Sheffield Press, Sheffield: 58-59; Alcock, Elizabeth A. 1988 "Appendix: Enclosed Places, AD 500-800." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 40-46; Alcock, Elizabeth A. and Leslie , "Catalogue of Fortified Sites in Wales and Dumnonia, c.AD 400-800," In Alcock, Leslie. Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 168-71. Though no catalog of Roman towns with sub-Roman activity has been compiled, some are included in the map of urban centers with "Fifth-century activity" Salway, Peter. 1993 The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 319.

7 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford.

8 This theory is explored in depth in Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York and in Higham, N.J. 1992 Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons. Seaby, London.. Cf. Salway, Peter. 1993 The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 298 (fig.), 328-29, 332 (fig.).

9 See, for example, Sharples, Niall M. 1991 Maiden Castle. Batsford/English Heritage, London: 130: "They are known as Romano-Celtic temples because they are believed to represent a fusion of Celtic and classical religions."

10 See Casey, P.J. 1978 "Constantine the Great in Britain the evidence of the coinage at the London mint." In J. Bird, H. Chapman, and J. Clark (eds.) Collectanea Londiniensia London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Special Paper No. 2. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, London: 181-93.

11 See Robertson, Anne S. 1982 Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, University of Glasgow: Vol. V. Diocletian (Reform) to Zeno Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: xx, 428. The London mint issued gold solidi for Maximus.

12 For a description of how this worked in the military, see Reece, Richard M. 1984 "Mints, Markets and the Military." In T.F. Blagg and A.C. King (eds.) Military and Civilian in Roman Britain. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 136. Oxford, pp. 143-60.

13 See Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 93, 138-39; and Reece, Richard M. 1987 Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby, London: 23. The death of Theodosius in 395 marked an abrupt cessation of the AE 2 bronze denomination. Thereafter, only AE 3 and AE 4 were issued in the West, produced mostly by the mint in Rome. The last bronze denomination to reach Britain was the AE 4 of Honorius, issued by the Rome mint from 395-402. Cf. Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 39-47, 207-9.

14 Kent, J.P.C. 1994 The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. X (AD 395 -491) Spink and Son, London: lxxxv: "presumably the import and disbursement of silver [in fifth-century Britain] ceased before that of gold." Constantine III's coins were minted at Trier, Lyon, and Arles from 407 to 411 in two phases (identified by the changing number of G's in the VICTORIA AUGGG formula): the first phase (407-8) ended with the news of the death of Arcadius, the second (408-11) with the death of Constantine himself. The coins are predominantly solidi and siliquae, along with rare tremisses from Arles and half- siliquae and AE 4 from Lyon. Siliquae from Arles were also struck in the name of his son Constans c.410. See Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 214-18; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 138; and Kent, J.P.C. 1979 "The End of Roman Britain: The Literary and Numismatic Evidence Reviewed." In P.J. Casey (ed.) The End of Roman Britain. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 71. Oxford: 21.

15 See Boon, George C. 1987 "Counterfeit Coins in Roman Britain." In J. Casey and R. Reece (eds.) Coins and the Archaeologist, Seaby, London: 102-88; and Blackburn, M. 1988 "Three Silver Coins in the Names of Valentinian III (425-55) and Anthemius (467-72) from Chatham Lines, Kent." Numismatic Chronicle 148: 169-74.

16 Reece, Richard M. 1984 "The Use of Roman Coinage." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3: 197-210 (205).

17 Reece, Richard M. 1984 "The Use of Roman Coinage." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3: 205.

18 See Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 200ff.; Boon, George C. 1987 "Counterfeit Coins in Roman Britain." In J. Casey and R. Reece (eds.) Coins and the Archaeologist, Seaby, London: 145; Boon, George C. 1991 " Byzantine and Other Exotic Ancient Bronze Coins from Exeter " In Holbrook, Neil and Bidwell, Paul T. (eds.) Exeter Archaeological Reports: Vol. IV, Roman Finds from Exeter. Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter; Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33, 429-35; and Sutherland, C. 1956 "Coinage in Britain in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries," In Harden D.B. (ed.) Dark Age Britain: Studies Presented to E.T. Leeds , Methuen, London: 5.

19 See Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 201-3; Reece, Richard M. 1984 "The Use of Roman Coinage." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3: 197-210.; and Morrison, C. 1983 "The Re-Use of Obsolete Coins: the Case of Roman Imperial Bronzes Revived in the Late Fifth Century," In Brooke C.N.L. (ed.) et al. Studies in Numismatic Method Presented to Philip Grierson, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 95-111. The pattern found at Carthage, cited above, is paralleled in Gaul, Italy, and the Balkans.

20 Hood, A.B.E. 1978 (Ed. and trans.) St. Patrick: His Writings and Muirchu's Life Phillimore, London and Chichester: Epistola, 14; Confessio, 50.

21 Winterbottom, Michael. (Ed. and trans.) 1978 Gildas: 'The Ruin of Britain' and Other Works Phillimore, London and Chichester: De Excidio, 66.3-5

22 Dawes, Elizabeth and Baynes, Norman H. (Trans.) 1948 Leontius. The Life of St. John the Almsgiver: 10. See Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 203; and Penhallurick, R.D. 1986 Tin in Antiquity: Institute of Metals, London: 245.

23 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 139; S. Archer, "Late Roman Gold and Silver Coin Hoards in Britain: A Gazetteer," in Casey, P.J. (ed.) 1979 The End of Roman Britain. Brit. Achaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 71. Oxford: 29-64; and Robertson, Anne S. 1988 "Romano-British Coin Hoards: Their Numismatic, Archaeological and Historical Significance." In P.J.Casey and R. Reece Coins and the Archaeologist, (2nd edn). Seaby, London: 13-37.

24 Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 17-21 state that the scarcity of gold hoards in Britain "must be due to the province having managed its affairs on a silver rather than on a gold basis," while its neighbors in Gaul did the opposite.

25 See, for example, Archer, S. "Late Roman Gold and Silver Coin Hoards in Britain: a gazetteer" In P.J. Casey, (ed.) 1979 The End of Roman Britain. Brit. Achaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 71. Oxford: 29-64; Robertson, Anne S. 1988 "Romano-British Coin Hoards: Their Numismatic, Archaeological and Historical Significance." In P.J.Casey and R. Reece Coins and the Archaeologist, (2nd edn). Seaby, London; Brickstock, R.J. 1987 Copies of the Fel Temp Reparatio Coinage in Britain: A Study of Their Chronology and Archaeological Significance Including Gazetteers of Hoards and Site Finds. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 176. Oxford; Burnett ,A. M. and Bland, R.F. (eds.) 1987 Coin Hoards from Roman Britain, vol. 7, British Museum Occasional Paper No. 59 British Museum, London; and Blackburn, M. 1988 "Three Silver Coins in the Names of Valentinian III (425-55) and Anthemius (467-72) from Chatham Lines, Kent." Numismatic Chronicle 148, 169-74.

26 See Robertson, Anne S. 1988 "Romano-British Coin Hoards: Their Numismatic, Archaeological and Historical Significance." In P.J.Casey and R. Reece Coins and the Archaeologist, (2nd edn). Seaby, London: 28.

27 Robertson, Anne S. 1988 "Romano-British Coin Hoards: Their Numismatic, Archaeological and Historical Significance." In P.J.Casey and R. Reece Coins and the Archaeologist, (2nd edn). Seaby, London: 33-34: "[Clusters of] coin hoards to Honorius or later . . . reflect the havoc wrought on life and property by the Saxons [landing on the south and east coasts], by the Scots [along the Severn], and, possibly, by the Picts [on the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire coasts, which] establishes beyond doubt a connection between the widespread loss of treasure and contemporary warfare or other disturbance."

28 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London; Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 37.

29 Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33: 431. Cf. Burnett, Andrew. 1984 "Clipped Siliquae and the End of Roman Britain." Britannia 15: 168: ". . . in Britain alone of the Empire clipping took place on a very extensive scale."

30 Burnett, Andrew. 1984 "Clipped Siliquae and the End of Roman Britain." Britannia 15: Clipped coins are extremely rare in early fourth-century hoards in Britain, and in these cases the clipping is slight, while in hoards containing coins of 393 -411 clipping was rife. Cf. Reece, Richard M. 1987 Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby, London: 45: "Andrew Burnett has made the very good point that the clipping of silver coins in Britain belongs to the years up to about 410, and that clipping the coins must be the last phase in their use."

31 Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33 431; Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 37.

32 Kent quoted in Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33: 431-32. See also Kent, J.P.C. 1994 The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. X (AD 395 -491) Spink and Son, London : lxxxv: "Clipping may represent the enhanced purchasing power of a siliqua as the money-supply dwindled."

33 Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 39.

34 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 135.

35 Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 18.

36 See Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 139; Grierson and Mays, 15-26 (esp. 17-19). The latter refer to the British silver hoards as "the most astonishing numismatic phenomenon of the late fourth century and the opening decade of the fifth" (18).

37 See map of coin and plate hoards (Fig. 24) in Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 97.

38 See Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 20, for relevant publications. The Coleraine hoard contained nearly 1500 siliquae, two-thirds of which were clipped. Two coins of Constantine III date the deposition post-407, and c.420 has been suggested, making this Irish raid roughly contemporary with and in the same geographic area as Patrick's captivity.

39 See Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 98-99; and Salway, Peter. 1993 The Oxford Illustrated History of Roman Britain. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 294. Higham, N.J. 1992 Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons. Seaby, London: 85) believes that these even weights may suggest diplomatic payments, or the equal rationing out of shared loot.

40 Fulford, Michael G. 1977 "Pottery and Britain's Foreign Trade in the Later Roman Period." In D.P.S. Peacock (ed.) Pottery and Early Commerce: Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics. Academic Press, London/New York/San Francisco: 35-84. For general discussion of the ceramic industry in late Roman Britain, see Swan, Vivien G. 1984 The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain. HMSO, London.; Swan, Vivien G. 1988 Pottery in Roman Britain, 4th rev. ed. Shire Archaeology, Aylesbury and Fulford M.G. and Huddleston, K. 1991 The Current State of Romano-British Pottery Studies English Heritage, London .

41 Swan, Vivien G. 1988 Pottery in Roman Britain, 4th rev. ed. Shire Archaeology, Aylesbury: 40; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 93.

42 Quinnell, Henrietta. 1986 "Cornwall During the Iron Age and Roman Period." Cornish Archaeology 25: 129; Swan, Pottery in Roman Britain, 40; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford. 93.

43 Swan, Vivien G. 1988 Pottery in Roman Britain, 4th rev. ed. Shire Archaeology, Aylesbury: 40.

44 See discussion under Tintagel in the Gazetteer.

45 See Radford, C.A.R. 1956 "Imported Pottery Found at Tintagel, Cornwall." In D.B. Harden (ed.) Dark Age Britain. Methuen, London: 59-67; and Thomas, Charles. 1959 "Imported Pottery in Dark-Age Western Britain," Medieval Archaeology 3: 89-111.

46 Hayes, John. 1972 Late Roman Pottery. British School at Rome, London.. See also Hayes, John. 1980 A Supplement to Late Roman Pottery British School at Rome, London.; Dore, J.N. and Greene, K. (eds.) 1977 Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Supp. Ser. 30. Oxford; and Peacock, D.P.S. 1986 Amphorae and the Roman Economy. Longman, London.

47 Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall.. See also Thomas, Charles. 1976 "Imported Late-Roman Mediterranean Pottery in Ireland and Western Britain: Chronologies and Implications," Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76C: 245-56; Thomas, Charles. 1988 "The Context of Tintagel: a New Model for the Diffusion of Post-Roman Mediterranean Imports," Cornish Archaeology 27: 7-25; and the descriptive catalog of imports in Edwards, Nancy and Lane, Alan (eds.) 1988 Early Medieval Settlements in Wales 400-1100. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff.

48 These conclusions are based on the archaeological evidence from the British sites as they appear in the Gazetteer published in the third issue of Internet Archaeology in August 1997. A more extensive discussion of sub-Roman Britain based on both the written and the archaeological evidence can be found in Snyder, Christopher A. 1994 (Unpublished) 'The Tyrants of Tintagel': The Terminology and Archaeology of Sub-Roman Britain (AD 400-600). PhD dissertation, Emory University, chap. 14.

49 To be fair, urban archaeology has tended to dominate the field and so we may not have a very good idea of the rural situation for sub-Roman Britain. See Ottaway, Patrick. 1992 Archaeology in British Towns: From Emperor Claudius to the Black Death. Routledge, London.; and Snyder, Christopher A. Review of Archaeology in British Towns, by Patrick Ottaway. Bryn Mawr Classical Review gopher://gopher.lib.vir.../alpha/bmcr/v97/97-2-13. In the last fifty years, however, excavation of Roman towns has been balanced by the tremendous interest in rural hillforts. What we still lack is a detailed picture of the small farmstead which must have dominated both the Roman and sub-Roman periods.

50 The new evidence should supplement that in Thomas, Charles. 1981 Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Batsford, London.; and Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London..

51 See Thomas, Charles. 1990 "Gallici Nautae de Galliarum Provinciis - A Sixth/Seventh Century Trade with Gaul, Reconsidered" Medieval Archaeology 34 pp. 1-26; and Dark, Kenneth Rainbury. (ed.) 1996 External contacts and the economy of Late Roman and post-Roman Britain. Boydell Press, Woodbridge.