Gazetteer notes

FN1 New settlements identifiable as "Germanic" (i.e. Anglian, Saxon, Jutish, etc.) or Irish are not included in the Gazetteer.

FN2 See also the gazetteer of "Definite Sites" and "Possible Sites" Edwards, Nancy and Lane, Alan (eds.) 1988 Early Medieval Settlements in Wales 400-1100. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 17; "Category A: Certainly Defended" and "Category B: Certainly Occupied" in Alcock, Elizabeth A. 1983 "Appendix: Defended Settlements, Fifth to Seventh Centuries AD." In D. Hinton (ed.) 25 Years of Medieval Archaeology, Univ. of Sheffield Press, Sheffield: 58-59; those yielding imported pottery in Alcock, Elizabeth A. 1988 "Appendix: Enclosed Places, AD 500-800." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 40-46; and the Dumnonian sites in Alcock, Elizabeth A. and Leslie, "Catalogue of Fortified Sites in Wales and Dumnonia, c.AD 400-800," In Alcock, Leslie. Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 168-71.

FN3 Bennett, P. 1989 "Canterbury." In V.A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook , Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 128; Brooks, D.A. 1988 "The Case for Continuity in Fifth-Century Canterbury Re-examined." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7: 103

FN4 Blockley, P. 1986 "Excavations at Ridingate." Archaeologia Cantiana 103: 206-7

FN5 Johns, C.M. and Potter, T.W. 1985 "The Canterbury Late Roman Treasure." Antiquaries Journal 55: 337-38. The dates of the coins range from 360-404, but two coins of Honorius and one of Maximus were clipped. If the Canterbury hoard compares to those studied by Burnett (see Part One above), the clipping perhaps took place during the reign of Constantine III (407-11), though it could have occurred later. Johns and Potter state "that the hoard was not deposited before the second decade of the fifth century." Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC:18, accept this terminus ante quem.

FN6 For the influence that pre-existing communities of Christian Britons had on the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons and on the reestablishment of episcopal dioceses in Anglo-Saxon England, see Steven Bassett, 1992 "Church and Diocese in the West Midlands: the Transition from British to Anglo-Saxon Control," in, ed. Blair, J. & Sharpe, R. 1992 Pastoral Care Before the Parish Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 13-40. Cf. Bassett, S. 1989 "Churches in Worcester Before and After the Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons," Antiquaries Journal 69 (1989): 230: "[The placement of English sees in Roman towns was] a clear acknowledgement of the extent to which Romano-British tribal capitals and other central places had remained politically (or often economically) important."

FN6a Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 1.25-26

FN6b Brooks, N.P. 1984 The early history of the Church in Canterbury: Christchurch from 597-1066. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 17, 21

FN6c Brooks, N.P. 1984 The early history of the Church in Canterbury: Christchurch from 597-1066. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 17 17.

FN6d Brooks, N.P. 1984 The early history of the Church in Canterbury: Christchurch from 597-1066. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 20.

FN7 Bennett, P. 1989 "Canterbury." In V.A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook , Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 128.

FN8 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 151. "Roman civic norms were no longer being adhered to at Canterbury."

FN9 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 151

FN10 Kent, J.P.C. et al. 1983 "A Visigothic Gold Tremiss and a Fifth-Century Firesteel from the Marlowe Theatre Site, Canterbury." Antiquaries Journal 53: 371-73.

FN11 Kent, J.P.C. et al. 1983 "A Visigothic Gold Tremiss and a Fifth-Century Firesteel from the Marlowe Theatre Site, Canterbury." Antiquaries Journal 53: 372;Blackburn, M. 1988 "Three Silver Coins in the Names of Valentinian III (425-55) and Anthemius (467-72) from Chatham Lines, Kent." Numismatic Chronicle 148: 173-74.

FN11a Brooks, N.P. 1984 The early History of the Church in Canterbury: Christchurch from 597-1066. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester:16.

FN11b Brooks, N.P. 1984 The early History of the Church in Canterbury: Christchurch from 597-1066. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 17.

FN12 Drury, P.J. 1974 "Chelmsford." Current Archaeology 41: 168.

FN13 Drury, P.J. 1974 "Chelmsford." Current Archaeology 41: 168.

FN14 Drury, P.J. 1974 "Chelmsford." Current Archaeology 41: 169.

FN15 Drury, P.J. 1974 "Chelmsford." Current Archaeology 41: 169. John S. Wacher, 1974The Towns of Roman Britain (Berkeley, CA: Univ. of Cal. Press): 200; Rodwell, Warwick and Rowley, Trevor (eds.) 1975 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 15. Oxford: 172. Domestic activity is indicated by rubbish pits, a collapsed oven, fragments of a bone comb, and a polychrome bead.

FN16 Dunnett, Rosalind. 1975 The Trinovantes. Duckworth, London: 142

FN17 Down, Alec. 1988 Roman Chichester. Phillimore, Chichester: 101; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 78.

FN18 Down, Alec. 1988 Roman Chichester. Phillimore, Chichester: 103 suggests a date of 408 for this coin. However, the coin has the reverse legend VICTORIA AUG, which is only found on the Arcadius AE 4 ( RIC 187/63c) struck in 383. See Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 102-3.

FN19 Down, Alec. 1988 Roman Chichester. Phillimore, Chichester: 103. The solidus is in mint condition and may never have circulated, and Down suggests that it was held as "bullion" by a trader waiting to pay for imported goods. Cf. Blackburn, M. 1988 "Three Silver Coins in the Names of Valentinian III (425-55) and Anthemius (467-72) from Chatham Lines, Kent." Numismatic Chronicle 148: 173-74.

FN20 Welch, M.G. 1983 Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 112. Oxford: 14-15; Welch, M.G. 1971 "Late Romans and Saxons in Sussex." Britannia 2: 322. Evidence includes coins ranging in date from AD 97-395, and crude hand-made pottery termed "Thundersbarrow ware." These wares appear to have replaced the mass-produced pottery which was no longer available by the beginning of the fifth century.

FN21 Down, Alec. 1988 Roman Chichester. Phillimore, Chichester: 101.

FN22 Crummy, Philip. 1984 Colchester Archaeological Report 3: Excavations at Lion Walk, Balkerne Lane, and Middleborough. Colchester Archaeological Trust, Colchester: 18. Early (1853 and 1927-29) excavations at the Gate detected much charcoal, scorched stone, and grey soil indicating three successive fires. The middle fire layer sealed a damaged bronze coin with legible diademed head, a symbol which occurs from 307 onward.

FN23Clarke, David T. 1980 Roman Colchester. Colchester Borough Council, Colchester: 48. Twelve coins issued between 388 and 402 were recorded but not cataloged.

FN24 Dunnett, Rosalind. 1975 The Trinovantes. Duckworth, London: 137; and Crummy, Philip. 1981 Colchester Archaeological Report 1: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester. CBA Research Report 39. CBA, London: 23.

FN25 Such graves, usually identified as "early Saxon," have also been found within the town walls at Winchester, Portchester, and Dorchester-on-Thames. Crummy, Philip. 1981 Colchester Archaeological Report 1: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester. CBA Research Report 39. CBA, London: 22.

FN26 See Crummy, Philip. 1990 "A Roman Church in Colchester." Current Archaeology 120, 406-8.

FN27 Crummy, Philip. 1990 "A Roman Church in Colchester." Current Archaeology 120: 408.

FN28 Milne, Gustav. 1992 From Roman Basilica to Medieval Market. HMSO, London: 29.

FN29 Milne, Gustav. 1985 The Port of Roman London. Batsford, London: 33.

FN30 Milne, Gustav. 1985 The Port of Roman London. Batsford, London: 33.; Morris, John. 1982 Londinium: London in the Roman Empire. Rev. by Sarah Macready. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London: 329-30.

FN31 Hall, Jenny and Merrifield, Ralph. 1986 Roman London. HMSO, London: 14.

FN32 Hall, Jenny and Merrifield, Ralph. 1986 Roman London. HMSO, London: 14.; Painter, K.S. 1981 A Roman Silver Ingot. British Museum Occasional Paper 35. (Acquisitions 1976) Dept. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London.; The Arcadius issues were from Rome and Ravenna, the Honorius issue from Milan: see RIC, Vol. X, clxxv.

FN33 Perring, Dominic. 1991 Roman London. Seaby, London: 127; Merrifield, Ralph. 1983 London, City of the Romans. Batsford, Oxford: 226.

FN34 Perring, Dominic. 1991 Roman London. Seaby, London: 128; Hall, Jenny and Merrifield, Ralph. 1986 Roman London. HMSO, London: 14-16.

FN35 Theodosian bronze coinage including, presumably, the Honorius AE 4 issued between 395 and 402. These were the last copper/bronze issues to reach Britain.

FN36 There is one lone fifth-century example of a sunken-floored structure, built within the shell of a Roman building, at Pudding Lane: see Perring, Dominic. 1991 Roman London. Seaby, London: 128.

FN37 Palmer, Susann. 1984 Excavation of the Roman and Saxon Site at Orpington. Borough of Bromley, London: 19. These inhumations were found immediately outside the walls of a Roman bath/house complex, which had been abandoned c.400.

FN38 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (The Laud [Peterborough] Chronicle), sub annum 456: "In this year Hengest and Aesc fought against the Britons . . . and slew four companies; and the Britons then forsook Kent and fled to London in great terror."

FN39 Perring, Dominic. 1991 Roman London. Seaby, London. 129-30: "Cities remained symbols of authority for post-Roman communities, whose rulers maintained them to justify their own power."

FN40 Biddle, M. 1976 "Towns" In Wilson, David M. (ed.) 1976 The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England. Methuen, London: 99-150 (106).

FN41 Munby, Julian. 1989 "Portchester." In Valerie A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 162; Cunliffe, Barry. 1976 Excavations at Portchester Castle, Vol. II: Saxon. Society of Antiquaries Research Report 33. Society of Antiquaries, London: 301.

FN42 See Munby, Munby, Julian. 1989 "Portchester." In Valerie A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 162 "It is difficult to say whether a civilian population took over an abandoned fort, or whether a military militia together with their families formed a continuing military garrison. Certainly the fort was occupied up to the end of Roman Britain and [possibly] beyond."

FN43 Cunliffe, Barry. 1973 The Regni. Duckworth, London: 132.

FN44 Cunliffe, Barry. 1973 The Regni. Duckworth, London: 132; Cunliffe, Barry. 1976 Excavations at Portchester Castle, Vol. II: Saxon. Society of Antiquaries Research Report 33. Society of Antiquaries, London: 301

FN45 Blagg, T.F.C. 1989 "Richborough." In Valerie A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 145; Welsby, Derek A. 1982 The Roman Military Defence of the British Provinces in its Later Phases. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 101. Oxford: 131; Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 26. 60,000 Roman coins were recorded from the 1922-38 excavations, the majority of which were bronze.

FN46 Blagg, T.F.C. 1989 "Richborough." In Valerie A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 145.

FN47 Blagg, T.F.C. 1989 "Richborough." In Valerie A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: A Handbook, Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 145.

FN48 Johnson, Stephen. 1986 Later Roman Britain. Paladin, London: 193.

FN49 This series is discussed in detail by Frere, Sheppard. 1972 Verulamium Excavations. Vol. 1 . Society of Antiquaries, London: 319; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 74-75; Branigan, Keith. 1985 The Catuvellauni. Sutton, Gloucester: 191; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 148-51. The coins (from all insulae ) are discussed in Reece, Richard M. 1984 "The coins" In Frere, Sheppard. 1984 Verulamium Excavations. Vol 3. Society of Antiquaries, London: 3-17.

FN50 Branigan, Keith. 1985 The Catuvellauni. Sutton, Gloucester: 196. Cf Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 151: "The survival of Roman hydraulic techniques to such a late date is worthy of note." Frere, Sheppard. 1983 Verulamium Excavations. Vol. 2 . Society of Antiquaries, London: 226 estimates the dates based on the stratification of the associated structures discussed above. The only coins found beneath the pipe-trench were one of Constantius II (c.337-41), one of Constans (c.341-46), and one "small barbarous copy, Fel. Temp. Reparatio (horseman) type."

FN51 Branigan, Keith. 1973 Town and Country: the Archaeology of Verulamium and the Roman Chilterns. Spurbooks, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire: 136.

FN52 Branigan, Keith. 1973 Town and Country: the Archaeology of Verulamium and the Roman Chilterns. Spurbooks, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire: 136.

FN53 Niblett, Rosalind. 1993 "'Verulamium' since the Wheelers." In S. Greep (ed.) Roman Towns: The Wheeler Inheritance, CBA Res. Report 93. CBA, York: 89; Selkirk, Andrew and Niblett, Rosalind. 1990 "Verulamium." Current Archaeology 120: 416-17.

FN54 Niblett, Rosalind. 1993 "'Verulamium' since the Wheelers." In S. Greep (ed.) Roman Towns: The Wheeler Inheritance, CBA Res. Report 93. CBA, York: 90-91.

FN55 This idea has been argued most fully in Davis, K. Rutherford. 1982 Britons and Saxons. The Chiltern Region. Phillimore, Chichester, and Sheppard Frere (1966). See also Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 74-75.

FN56 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Parker and Laud Chronicles), sub annum 571.

FN57 Biddle, M. and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle. 1984 The Origins of Saint Albans Abbey: Excavations in the Cloister 1982-1983. St Albans Abbey Research Committee, St Albans, Hertfordshire: 12.

FN58 Biddle, M. and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle. 1984 The Origins of Saint Albans Abbey: Excavations in the Cloister 1982-1983. St Albans Abbey Research Committee, St Albans, Hertfordshire: 13.

FN59 Biddle, M. and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle. 1984 The Origins of Saint Albans Abbey: Excavations in the Cloister 1982-1983. St Albans Abbey Research Committee, St Albans, Hertfordshire: 13.

FN60 Our understanding of the transition from Roman paganism to Christianity in Verulamium is confused by the presence of large numbers of the latest (fourth-century) Roman coins in the city's pagan temples. See Selkirk, Andrew and Niblett, Rosalind. 1990 "Verulamium." Current Archaeology 120: 417. Niblett suggests three possible explanations for this evidence: 1) the temples were used as rubbish pits in the late Roman period, 2) the temples had converted to churches and Christians were dropping coins in them, or 3) pagan offerings continued to be made nearly 70 years after the temples were officially closed in the Empire.

FN61 Jenkins, H.L. 1902 "Ancient Camp at the Mouth of the River Avon." Devon Cornwall Notes Queries 2, 20-23.

FN62 Fox, Aileen. 1955 "Some Evidence for a Dark Age Trading Site at Bantham, Near Thurlestone, South Devon." Antiquaries Journal 35, 55-67.

FN63 Silvester, R.J. 1981 "An Excavation on the Post-Roman Site at Bantham, South Devon." Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 39: 89ff.

FN64 Silvester, R.J. 1981 "An Excavation on the Post-Roman Site at Bantham, South Devon." Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 39: 105-6.

FN65 Silvester, R.J. 1981 "An Excavation on the Post-Roman Site at Bantham, South Devon." Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 39: 103, 105.

FN66 Silvester, R.J. 1981 "An Excavation on the Post-Roman Site at Bantham, South Devon." Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 39: 114-16.

FN67 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 174.

FN68 A.M. Burnett, "The Newton Mills, Bath, Treasure Trove," in Coin Hoards from Roman Britain, 193-98. A hoard of 255 silver siliquae was found in 1983 at Newton Mills Park near Bath. The coins range from one Trier siliqua of Constans (c.347-48) to 62 Trier siliquae of Magnus Maximus (383-88). Because the hoard lacks later issues of Maximus and his son Falvius Victor (elevated in 387), Burnett (page 194) suggests a deposition date of about 385, before the end of Maximus's minting of siliquae at Trier.

FN69 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 175; Cunliffe, Barry. 1996 Roman Bath. Batsford/English Heritage,London: 211.

FN70 The original account is in Cunliffe, Barry and Davenport, Peter. 1985 The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: Vol. 1, The Site. Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology, Oxford: 74ff., where the excavators point out the time and care with which this sequence, in particular, was excavated. For discussion, see also Cunliffe, Barry. 1986 The City of Bath. Sutton, Gloucester: 43-48; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 155-57; Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 175; and Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76.

FN71 Cunliffe, Barry and Davenport, Peter. 1985 The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: Vol. 1, The Site. Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology, Oxford: 11: ". . . excavation of the temple has demonstrated conclusively that substantial parts of the Roman structure remained standing for some considerable time, possibly into the seventh or eighth century, while surrounding ground-surfaces were sporadically repaired."

FN72 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 157 ("The pottery experts seem to be over-compressing the sequence . . ."); Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76 ("a very late [post-Roman] repaving of the temple precinct floor"); and Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 175 ("even on conservative estimates [the sequence] must have continued well into the fifth century if not beyond").

FN73 Cunliffe, Barry and Davenport, Peter. 1985 The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: Vol. 1, The Site. Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology, Oxford: 11.

FN74 Cunliffe, Barry and Davenport, Peter. 1985 The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: Vol. 1, The Site. Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology, Oxford: 11; Cunliffe, Barry. 1996 Roman Bath. Batsford/English Heritage,London: 209: "During period 5 we see the attempts of the late or sub-Roman population to keep the old building in use. . . ."

FN75 Cunliffe, Barry. 1986 The City of Bath. Sutton, Gloucester: 48.

FN76 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (F Lat), sub annum 577: "In this year Cuthwine and Ceawlin fought against the Britons and slew three kings, Coinmail, Condidan, and Farinmail, at the place which is called Dyrham; and they captured tres civitates , Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath."

FN77 Bell, M. 1990 Brean Down Excavations 1983-87. English Heritage, London: 80

FN78 ApSimon, A.M. 1965 "The Roman Temple on Brean Down, Somerset." Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 10: 232-33. Three coins sealed in the original floor are of Constantine II and date to c.330-37. The latest coins from the temple area are 18 struck between 364-75, and 3 struck between 383-95. One worn Theodosian coin was sealed by a fall of stones from the wall.

FN79 Bell, M. 1990 Brean Down Excavations 1983-87. English Heritage, London: 82.

FN80 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 184.

FN81 Rahtz et al., Cadbury Congresbury Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 2.

FN82 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford:2 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 106; Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 165: "Congresbury shows no signs of a hiatus, and the Roman pottery continued in use alongside the [Mediterranean] imports" of the fifth and sixth centuries.

FN83 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 231.

FN84 Burrow, Ian. 1981 Hillfort and Hill-Top Settlement in Somerset in the First to Eighth Centuries AD. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 91. Oxford: 157.

FN85 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 233. Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 52 does not believe that the roundhouse was a pagan shrine.

FN86 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 160; Fulford, Michael G. 1989 "Byzantium and Britain." Medieval Archaeology 33: 1-5 (2). Cadbury-Congresbury is second only to Tintagel in quantity of imported wares.

FN87 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 2.

FN88 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 249.

FN89 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 250.

FN90 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 183. Congar's burg becomes Congres-bury.

FN91 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 250.

FN92 P.J. Fowler in Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 249.

FN93 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 212.

FN94 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 251.

FN95 Rahtz, Philip et al. 1992 Cadbury Congresbury 1968-73: A Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 223. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 2, 251: "It cannot be claimed that it was declining fortunes in the west which ceased to attract distant traders and led to an end to the importation of pottery, glass and other goods; the causes are more likely to lie in the changing fortunes of the Mediterranean."

FN96 Hanley, Robin. 1987 Villages in Roman Britain. Shire Archaeology, Aylesbury: 55: "In Somerset there appears to have been a widespread transference of village settlements back into the local iron age hillforts."

FN97 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 72.

FN98 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 184.

FN99 Radford, C.A.R. 1971 "Romance and Reality in Cornwall " In Geoffrey Ashe (ed.) The Quest for Arthur's Britain. Paladin, New York: 74-75; Radford, C.A.R. and Swanton, Michael J. 1975 Arthurian Sites in the West. Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 27.

FN100 Most recently Quinnell, H. and Harris, D. 1985 "Castle Dore: the Chronology Reconsidered." Cornish Archaeology 24,

FN101 Rahtz, Philip. 1971 "Castle Dore: A Reappraisal of the Post-Roman Structures." Cornish Archaeology 10: 53.

FN102 Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 25.

FN103 Williams in Quinnel and Harris, "Castle Dore," 129-30.

FN104 Thomas, Charles. 1956 "Evidence for Post-Roman Occupation of Chun Castle, Cornwall." Antiquaries Journal 36: 75-78; Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 96; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 79-80.

FN105 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 125.

FN106 Woodward, Ann. 1992 English Heritage Book of Shrines and Sacrifice. Batsford/English Heritage, London: 88. At the Crown Buildings site, excavators found bits of clothing and a plait of red hair preserved by the plaster.

FN107 Green, C.J.S. 1988 Excavations at Poundbury, Dorchester, Dorset 1966-1982. Vol. I: The Settlements. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 7. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Dorchester: 70-71; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 178-79.

FN108 Green, C.J.S. 1988 Excavations at Poundbury, Dorchester, Dorset 1966-1982. Vol. I: The Settlements. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 7. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Dorchester: 83; Farwell, D.E. and Molleson, T.L. 1993 Excavations at Poundbury 1966-1980. Vol. II: The Cemeteries. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 11. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Dorchester. 89.

FN109 Philip Rahtz has interpreted this second phase settlement at Poundbury as a monastery: see Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 46.

FN110 Green, C.J.S. 1988 Excavations at Poundbury, Dorchester, Dorset 1966-1982. Vol. I: The Settlements. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 7. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Dorchester: 153.

FN111 Bidwell, Paul T. 1980 Roman Exeter: Fortress and Town. Exeter Museums Service, Exeter: 86.

FN112 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 334.

FN113 Holbrook, Neil and Bidwell, Paul T. (eds.) 1991 Exeter Archaeological Reports: Vol. IV, Roman Finds from Exeter. Exeter Univ. Press, Exeter: 13.

FN114 Bidwell, Paul T. 1980 Roman Exeter: Fortress and Town. Exeter Museums Service, Exeter: 86.

FN115 Bidwell, Paul T. 1980 Roman Exeter: Fortress and Town. Exeter Museums Service, Exeter: 86; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 152.

FN116 Bidwell, Paul T. 1980 Roman Exeter: Fortress and Town. Exeter Museums Service, Exeter: 86.

FN117 Bidwell, Paul T. 1980 Roman Exeter: Fortress and Town. Exeter Museums Service, Exeter: 87. See also Dixon, Philip. "'The cities are not populated as once they were.'" In J. Rich (ed.) The City in Late Antiquity, Routledge, London: 145-60 (147).

FN118 Pearce, Susan M. 1978 The Kingdom of Dumnonia. Lodenek Press, Padstow, Cornwall: 43: "The post-400 graveyard [at Exeter] testifies to the existence of a continuing community." Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 335: "Certainly Britons continued to live peacefully in Exeter with Saxons until the early ninth century, when [the Britons] were expelled from the town."

FN119 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 334-35.

FN120 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 335; Johnson, Stephen. 1986 Later Roman Britain. Paladin, London: 201-2.

FN121 Radford, C.A.R. 1971 "Glastonbury Abbey." In Geoffrey Ashe (ed.) The Quest for Arthur's Britain. Paladin, New York: 104-7. Radford was also led to this conclusion by the existence, in the twelfth century, of the shrines of saints Indracht and Patrick near the Abbey's old church: "St. Indracht and St. Patrick are Celtic saints, and it is difficult to believe that their cult was introduced at Glastonbury after the Saxon conquest of Somerset in the middle of the seventh century."

FN122 Ellis, P. 1982 "Excavations at Silver Street, Glastonbury, 1978." PSANHS 126, 17-31.

FN123 See Rahtz, Philip. "Pagan and Christian by the Severn Sea." In L. Abrams and J. Carley (eds.) The Archaeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk: 33; and Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 46.

FN124 Rahtz, Philip. 1971 "Glastonbury Tor." In Geoffrey Ashe (ed.) The Quest for Arthur's Britain. Paladin, New York: 115.

FN125 The excavator believes the Roman objects to be of post-Roman use rather than representing a Roman settlement on the Tor: see Rahtz, Philip. 1993 English Heritage Book of Glastonbury. Batsford, London: 54.

FN126 Twenty miles away, at Pagans Hill, there is a late Roman temple comparable to those at Maiden Castle and Lydney. Yet this is hardly evidence for "a pagan revival," as suggested by Abrams, Leslie and Carley, James P. (eds.) 1991 The Archaeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey. Essays in Honor of the Ninetieth Birthday of C.A. Ralegh Radford. Boydell, Woodbridge, Suffolk: 7.

FN127 Rahtz, Philip. 1971 "Glastonbury Tor." In Geoffrey Ashe (ed.) The Quest for Arthur's Britain. Paladin, New York: 121.

FN128 E.g. Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 190; and Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 46.

FN129 Rahtz, Philip. "Pagan and Christian by the Severn Sea." In L. Abrams and J. Carley (eds.) The Archaeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk: 32-33; Rahtz, Philip. 1993 English Heritage Book of Glastonbury. Batsford, London: 59.

FN130 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 46, sees the Tor as "an island hermitage." Cf. Rahtz, Philip. 1993 English Heritage Book of Glastonbury. Batsford, London: 60.

FN131 William of Malmesbury, in the twelfth century, described Glastonbury Abbey as the oldest church in all of England. In William's day, the Glastonbury monks claimed that the Old Church was built by missionaries from Gaul in the second century. William also writes that the Irish tradition at Glastonbury was very strong. Several shrines in the Abbey contained the relics of Irish saints, including Patrick, who by tradition established a rule for the community about 460. The chapel at nearby Beckery had an early cult of St. Brigid, and claimed to possess this Irish saint's relics. The name Bec Eriu , "Little Ireland," makes the Irish connection explicit. Plausibly, Irish monastics could have frequented Glastonbury in the sixth century before the arrival of the West Saxons.

FN132 These are recorded in Burrow, Ian. 1981 Hillfort and Hill-Top Settlement in Somerset in the First to Eighth Centuries AD. Brit. Archaeo. Rep. Brit. Ser. 91. Oxford: 268-77. The coins, however, are not cataloged.

FN133 Burrow, Ian. 1981 Hillfort and Hill-Top Settlement in Somerset in the First to Eighth Centuries AD. Brit. Archaeo. Rep. Brit. Ser. 91. Oxford: 268. See also Leech, R.H. 1977 "Romano-British Rural Settlement in South Somerset and North Dorset" Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bristol: 119-21.

FN134 Pollard, S.H.M. 1966 "Neolithic and Dark Age Settlements on High Peak, Sidmouth, Devon." Proceedings of the Devonshire Archaeological Society 23: 42.

FN135 Pollard, S.H.M. 1966 "Neolithic and Dark Age Settlements on High Peak, Sidmouth, Devon." Proceedings of the Devonshire Archaeological Society 23: 35.

FN136 Pollard, S.H.M. 1966 "Neolithic and Dark Age Settlements on High Peak, Sidmouth, Devon." Proceedings of the Devonshire Archaeological Society 23: 57. See also Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 87.

FN137 Miles, Henrietta. 1977 "Excavations at Killibury Hillfort, Egloshayle 1975-6." Cornish Archaeology 16, 89-121: 89.

FN138 Thomas, Charles, Fowler, Peter, and Gardner, Keith. 1969 "Lundy, 1969." Current Archaeology 16: 139; Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 25.

FN139 Thomas, Charles, Fowler, Peter, and Gardner, Keith. 1969 "Lundy, 1969." Current Archaeology 16: 140-42.

FN140 Thomas, Charles, Fowler, Peter, and Gardner, Keith. 1969 "Lundy, 1969." Current Archaeology 16:139.

FN141 Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943 Maiden Castle, Dorset. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 334-35; Sharples, Niall M. 1991 Maiden Castle. Batsford/English Heritage, London: 130. Four gold solidi (three issues of Arcadius--one from Milan, two from Ravenna--and one issue of Honorius, from Milan) and a finger ring were found immediately outside the temple entrance, while a hoard of 70 coins (mostly Constantinian) were found in a pot on the surface of the fourth-century road south of the temple. Inside the temple, another hoard of coins (running to 367) was found sealed under the plain mosaic floor.

FN142 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 51 n.199.

FN143 Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943 Maiden Castle, Dorset. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 78.

FN144 Sharples, Niall M. 1991 Maiden Castle. Batsford/English Heritage, London: 130.

FN145 See Kent, J.P.C. 1994 The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. X (AD 395 -491) Spink and Son, London: cii.

FN146 Wedlake, W.J. 1982 The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries, London: 82.

FN147 Wedlake, W.J. 1982 The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries, London: 86-87.

FN148 Wedlake, W.J. 1982 The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries, London: 109-10.

FN149 Wedlake, W.J. 1982 The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries, London: 117: "At the end of the fourth century there are enough coins of the House of Theodosius and, more surprisingly, copies of such coins to be reasonably sure that some substantial occupation continued up to, and beyond, the year 400." Elsewhere, Wedlake (1982 The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton, Wiltshire 1956-71. Society of Antiquaries, London: 109) is even more optimistic: "There is no apparent reason why this occupation should not have continued well beyond the date of the latest currency (AD 402) into the fifth and sixth centuries." See also Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 50.

FN150 See Pearce, Susan M. 1978 The Kingdom of Dumnonia. Lodenek Press, Padstow, Cornwall: 66-67.

FN151 Thomas, Charles. 1989 "Christians, Chapels, Churches and Charters." Landscape History 11: 22.

FN152 Thomas, Charles. 1989 "Christians, Chapels, Churches and Charters." Landscape History 11: 22. Thomas also records an enigmatic "architectural fragment . . . of the fifth century."

FN153 Thomas, Charles. 1989 "Christians, Chapels, Churches and Charters." Landscape History 11: 22.

FN154 Thomas, Charles. 1985 Exploration of a Drowned Landscape: Archaeology and History of the Isles of Scilly. Batsford, London: 173.

FN155 Thomas, Charles. 1985 Exploration of a Drowned Landscape: Archaeology and History of the Isles of Scilly. Batsford, London: 187; Susan M. Pearce, The Archaeology of South West Britain (London: Collins, 1981), 188.

FN156 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep 237: 80.

FN157 Leach, Peter. 1991 Shepton Mallet: Romano-Britons and Early Christians in Somerset. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit, Birmingham: 19.

FN158 Leach, Peter. 1991 Shepton Mallet: Romano-Britons and Early Christians in Somerset. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit, Birmingham: 24.

FN159 Leach, Peter. 1991 Shepton Mallet: Romano-Britons and Early Christians in Somerset. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit, Birmingham: 24. Leach points out that this "is one of the most positive identifications ever made in Roman Britain of a Christian burial," and suggests that the amulet may have belonged to a priest.

FN160 Leach, Peter. 1991 Shepton Mallet: Romano-Britons and Early Christians in Somerset. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit, Birmingham: 27.

FN161 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 172-73.

FN162 Burrow, Ian. 1981 Hillfort and Hill-Top Settlement in Somerset in the First to Eighth Centuries AD. Brit. Archaeo. Rep. Brit. Ser. 91. Oxford: 157, based on the Burghal Hidage evidence of four men to every 5 1/2 yards of rampart.

FN163 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 186.

FN164 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 190.

FN165 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 182.

FN166 See discussion under Doon Hill and Yeavering

FN167 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 206-7.

FN168 See discussion under Wroxeter.

FN169 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 207.

FN170 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 200-201.

FN171 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 182.

FN172 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 193, 196. Nailed timber ramparts (murrus gallicus) are most common in Iron Age western Europe, and were also used in the Pictish forts of Burghead and Dundurn.

FN173 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 182-83.

FN174 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 197.

FN175 Charles Thomas, Celtic Britain (London: Thames and Hudson, 1986), 73.

FN176 See Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Review of Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology, by Charles Thomas. In CMCS 28: 103-4.

FN177 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London: 71; Padel, O.J. 1981 "Tintagel An Alternative View." In Charles Thomas A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro: 29.

FN178 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London: 75; A.L.F. Rivet and Colin Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain (Princeton: Univ. Press, 1979), 350.

FN179 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 13 and 84. Ten bronze coins, ranging from Tetricus I to Constantine II, were found in a drawstring leather purse. The pottery, dating to the fourth century, consisted of sherds of Oxford Red Colour-Coated ware as well as sherds from locally made jars and bowls.

FN180 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London: 75-76.

FN181 Todd, Malcolm 1987The South West to AD 1000 Longman, London: 163;Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 71. The total from Tintagel is greater than the total of all the sherds of "Tintagel ware" found at all sites in Britain and Ireland combined.

FN182 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 94-95. Cornwall was a major supply of tin for the Roman Empire. That it remained a sought-after commodity in the post-Roman world is affirmed by the account of the Byzantine ship returning from Britain loaded with tin in the sixth-century Life of St. John the Almsgiver . See Penhallurick, Tin in Antiquity, 245.

FN183 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep: 80-86.

FN184 Thomas, Charles (ed.) 1988 Tintagel Papers. Cornish Studies 16. Institute of Cornish Studies, Redruth: 46, 54.

FN185 Thomas, Charles (ed.) 1988 Tintagel Papers. Cornish Studies 16. Institute of Cornish Studies, Redruth: 19.

FN186 Morris, C.D. et al. 1990 "Tintagel, Cornwall: The 1990 Excavations." Antiquity 64: 848.

FN187 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London

FN188 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 85-86.

FN189 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 87. Cf. Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 91ff.

FN190 See Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 88; and Thomas Charles-Edwards, "Early Medieval Kingships in the British Isles," in Bassett, Steven. 1989 "In Search of the Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms." In S. Bassett (ed.) The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 28ff.

FN191 Nowakowski, Jaqueline A. and Thomas, Charles 1992. Grave News from Tintagel. An Account of a Second Season of Archaeological Excavation at Tintagel Churchyard, Cornwall. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro: 2; Thomas, Tintagel , 103. Pottery finds include sherds of Bi, Bii, Biv, and Bv amphorae.

FN192 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 103. If one adds a century to this date, to allow for the tree to mature, this gives a date of c.503 for the fire.

FN193 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 103. The "arc crosses" carved in the Tintagel tombstones may also have been a continental borrowing.

FN194 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 105.

FN195 Nowakowski, Jaqueline A. and Thomas, Charles 1992. Grave News from Tintagel. An Account of a Second Season of Archaeological Excavation at Tintagel Churchyard, Cornwall. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro: 2.

FN196 Pearce, Susan M. 1978 The Kingdom of Dumnonia. Lodenek Press, Padstow, Cornwall: 49; Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall. passim; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 86.

FN197 Pearce, Susan M. 1978 The Kingdom of Dumnonia. Lodenek Press, Padstow, Cornwall: 49.

FN198 Thomas, Charles. 1993 Tintagel: Arthur and Archaeology. Batsford, London: 96. A crude stone furnace containing a block of smelted tin was found at another Cornish fortification, Chun Castle, which has also produced imported pottery.

FN199 Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London: 26-28.

FN200 Ellison, Ann. 1978 Excavations at West Hill Uley: 1977. The Romano-British Temple Interim Report. Committee for Rescue Archaeology in Avon, Gloucestershire and Somerset, Bristol: 33-35.

FN201 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 318ff.

FN202Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 322.

FN203 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 321.

FN204 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 324ff.

FN205 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 189.

FN206 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: 327.

FN207 Woodward, Ann and Leach, Peter. 1993 The Uley Shrines: Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire 1977-79: passim; Ellison, Ann. 1980 "Natives, Romans and Christians on West Hill, Uley: An Interim Report on the Excavation of a Ritual Complex of the First Millennium AD." In W. Rodwell (ed.) Temples, Churches and Religion in Roman Britain, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 77. Oxford, pp. 305-28. passim.

FN208 Clarke, Giles. 1979 The Roman Cemetery at Lankhills. Winchester Studies No. 3: Pre-Roman and Roman Winchester, Part 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 107.105-7, 238. The graves contained one coin of Valentinian I (364-75), one bronze coin from the House of Theodosius (c.388-402), and 2 or 3 sherds of coarse pottery dated to the end of the fourth century.

FN209 J.L. MacDonald, "Features 24, 25, and 26," in Clarke, Giles. 1979 The Roman Cemetery at Lankhills. Winchester Studies No. 3: Pre-Roman and Roman Winchester, Part 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 107.

FN210 Biddle, M. 1983 "The Study of Winchester: Archaeology and History in a British Town." Proceedings of the British Academy 69, 93-135: 111-13.

FN211 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 288.

FN212 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 132.

FN213 White, Richard B. 1979 "Excavations at Aberffraw, Anglesey, 1973 and 1974." BBCS 28: 341.

FN214 Edwards, Nancy. 1988 "Aberffraw." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff, pp. 20-21. See also Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 108; Davies, Wendy. 1982 Wales in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 24.

FN215 ECMW No. 27. Found at nearby Llangeinwen (five miles from Aberffraw), the side plates of the lead coffin bear the inscriptions CAMVLORIS H(ic?) O(ssa?) I(acent?), "Here lie the bones of Camulorix," and CAMVLORIS, "Camulorix." Nash-Williams states that such coffins are common among Christian inhumations in Britain and Gaul from the fourth century onwards, and dates this specimen to the fifth century. "Camulorix" seems to have been a popular name in sub-Roman Wales: cf. ECMW Nos. 349 and 403.

FN216 Musson, C.R. et al. 1991 The Breiddin Hillfort. A Later Prehistoric Settlement in the Welsh Marches. CBA Res. Report 76. CBA, London: 65, 159.

FN217 Musson, C.R. et al. 1991 The Breiddin Hillfort. A Later Prehistoric Settlement in the Welsh Marches. CBA Res. Report 76. CBA, London: 65, 159. 194; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 79.

FN218 Gildas: The Ruin of Britain and Other Works. Edited and translated by Michael Winterbottom. 1978 Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ: 10.2, says that the British martyrs Aaron and Julius were "citizens of Caerleon (Legionum urbis cives)."

FN219 Evans, D.R. and Metcalf, V.M. 1992 Roman Gates, Caerleon. Oxbow Monograph 15. Oxbow, Oxford: 75: "The buildings have a terminus post quem of c.AD 354, but a far later date is almost certain."

FN220 Evans, D.R. and Metcalf, V.M. 1992 Roman Gates, Caerleon. Oxbow Monograph 15. Oxbow, Oxford: 56.

FN221 Evans, D.R. and Metcalf, V.M. 1992 Roman Gates, Caerleon. Oxbow Monograph 15. Oxbow, Oxford: 75; Lane, Alan. 1988 "Caerleon." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 34.

FN222 Evans, D.R. and Metcalf, V.M. 1992 Roman Gates, Caerleon. Oxbow Monograph 15. Oxbow, Oxford: 75.

FN223 Davies, Wendy. 1982 Wales in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 14.

FN224 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 54; Welsby, Derek A. 1982 The Roman Military Defence of the British Provinces in its Later Phases. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 101. Oxford: 128. According to Boon (Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33, 429-35.: 429 n.4), the clipped siliqua found at Caernarvon most likely belongs to Theodosius. Cf. Davies, J.L. 1988 "Segontium, Caernarfon." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 115: "The practice of clipping siliquae, although confined to Britain, is more likely to be attributed to the decade 410-20 than in a post 430 era (pers. comm. Dr. J.P.C. Kent)."

FN225 Laing, Lloyd. 1977 "Segontium and the Roman Occupation of Wales." In L. Laing (ed.) Studies in Celtic Survival, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 37. Oxford: 57.

FN226 Laing, "Segontium,"Laing, Lloyd. 1977 "Segontium and the Roman Occupation of Wales." In L. Laing (ed.) Studies in Celtic Survival, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 37. Oxford: 57-59; Davies, Wendy. 1982 Wales in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 24, 82.

FN227 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 388.

FN228 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 189; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 145-46. Though there is evidence of gate-blocking in other towns, such as Colchester and Lincoln, it is not clear from the evidence whether this is in response to an external threat or the internal breakdown of security.

FN229 Reece, Richard M. 1974 "Numerical Aspects of Roman Coin Hoards in Britain." In P.J. Casey and R. Reece (eds.) Coins and the Archaeologist. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 4. Oxford: 92; Knight, J.K. and Lane, Alan. 1988 "Caerwent." In N. Edwards and A. Lane Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 37. The Caerwent bronze hoards end with issues of Honorius: see Kent, J.P.C. 1994 The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. X (AD 395-491) Spink and Son, London: cxxxiii.

FN230 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 389.

FN231 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 389.

FN232 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 389; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 108; Davies, Wendy. 1982 Wales in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 24-25, 57.

FN233 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 108

FN234 Davies, Wendy. 1979 "Roman Settlements and Post-Roman Estates in South-East Wales." In P.J. Casey (ed.), The End of Roman Britain. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 71. Oxford: 154; James, Heather. 1992 "Early Medieval Cemeteries in Wales." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxbow Monograph 16. Oxbow, Oxford: 90-103 (96 and 103).

FN235 Knight, J.K. and Lane, Alan. 1988 "Caerwent." In N. Edwards and A. Lane Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 37. Needless to say, this would have far-reaching implications for the traditional identification of Roman and sub-Roman sites in Britain.

FN236 Evans, G.E. 1918 "Caldey Island: Discovery of Stone-Lined Graves." Transactions of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society 12: 43; Leach, A.L. 1918 "Ancient Graves on the Isle of Caldey." Archaeologia Cambrensis: 174 -75.

FN237 Campbell, Ewan. 1989 "New Finds of Post-Roman Imported Pottery and Glass from South Wales." Archaeologia Cambrensis 138: 61.

FN238 Campbell, "New Finds," Campbell, Ewan. 1989 "New Finds of Post-Roman Imported Pottery and Glass from South Wales." Archaeologia Cambrensis 138: 59-60.

FN239 Campbell, "New Finds," Campbell, Ewan. 1989 "New Finds of Post-Roman Imported Pottery and Glass from South Wales." Archaeologia Cambrensis 138: 61.

FN240 Britnell, W.J. 1990 "Capel Maelog, Llandrindod Wells, Powys: Excavations 1984-87." Medieval Archaeology 34: 32ff.

FN240a Britnell, W.J. 1990 "Capel Maelog, Llandrindod Wells, Powys: Excavations 1984-87." Medieval Archaeology 34: 82ff. See also James, Heather. 1992 "Early Medieval Cemeteries in Wales." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxbow Monograph 16. Oxbow, Oxford: 98; and Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep.Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 79.

FN241 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Coygan Camp." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 45.

FN242 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Coygan Camp." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 45-46. The "counterfeiter's coin hoard" suggests the presence of a forger's workshop in the later third century. See also Wainwright, G.J. 1967 Coygan Camp. Cambrian Archaeological Association, Cardiff: 70-71, 157-58; and Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 114.

FN243 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Coygan Camp." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 45-46.

FN244 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Coygan Camp." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff: 46.

FN245 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Degannwy Castle." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 51-52.

FN246 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Degannwy Castle." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 51; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 114.

FN247 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Degannwy Castle." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 51, 124; Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 11, 18.

FN248 See J.L. Davies's dating schemes in Lane, Alan. 1988 "Degannwy Castle." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 52

FN249 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff, maintains the association, while Dumville (1984 "Gildas and Maelgwn:problems of dating" In M Lapidge and D Dumville (eds.), Gildas: New Approached, Boydell, Suffolk, pp. 51-60.) believes that the evidence--from the Annales Cambriae--is no earlier than the tenth century.

FN250 See, for example, Morris, John (ed. and trans.) 1980 Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals. Phillimore, London and Chichester: 47; Lane, Alan. 1988 "Degannwy Castle." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 52.

FN251 E. Campbell and J.L. Davies in Ewan Campbell, 1988 "Dinas Emrys." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 56; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1986 "Scottish and Irish Metalwork and the conspiratio barbarica." PSAS 116: 213.

FN252 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Dinas Emrys." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 56; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 57-58.

FN253 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Dinas Emrys." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 57.

FN254Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 7.

FN255 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 20-22.

FN256 See Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 23 n.4.

FN257 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 55-57.

FN258 Dr. I.W. Cornwall analyzed 1,677 bones in the 1950s, while Roberta Gilchrist anlayzed another 5,576 bones in 1987. See Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 67-82.

FN259 Gilchrist, Roberta. 1988 "A Re-appraisal of Dinas Powys." Medieval Archaeology 32: 59.

FN260 Gilchrist, Roberta. 1988 "A Re-appraisal of Dinas Powys." Medieval Archaeology 32: 61 questions Alcock's assumption that Dinas Powys was engaged in long-distance trade, prefer ing to see the princely stronghold engaged in "local exchange of animals primarily for their by-products."

FN261 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 179.

FN262 Gardner, Willoughby and Savory, H.N. 1964 Dinorben. A Hillfort Occupied in Early Iron Age and Roman Times. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff: 95-96; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 52.

FN263 Boon, George C. 1964 "The Coins," In Gardner, Willoughby and Savory, H.N. Dinorben. A Hillfort Occupied in Early Iron Age and Roman Times. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff: 126.

FN264 Gardner, Willoughby and Savory, H.N. 1964 Dinorben. A Hillfort Occupied in Early Iron Age and Roman Times. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff: 95-96.

FN265 Gardner, Willoughby and Savory, H.N. 1964 Dinorben. A Hillfort Occupied in Early Iron Age and Roman Times. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff: 99 and 205.

FN266 Gardner, Willoughby and Savory, H.N. 1964 Dinorben. A Hillfort Occupied in Early Iron Age and Roman Times. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff: 99, 162, 188-89; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 76.

FN267 Dating by E. Campbell and J.L. Davies in Lane, Alan. 1988 "Gateholm." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 74.

FN268 Dating by E. Campbell and J.L. Davies in Lane, Alan. 1988 "Gateholm." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 74.

FN269 Dating by E. Campbell and J.L. Davies in Lane, Alan. 1988 "Gateholm." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 74

FN270 Dating by E. Campbell and J.L. Davies in Lane, Alan. 1988 "Gateholm." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 74-75: "Consequently, it would seem likely that some of the settlement, if not all of it, is of early medieval date." Cf. Lethbridge, T.C. and David, H.E. 1930 "Excavation of a House-Site on Gateholm, Pembrokeshire." Archaeologia Cambrensis 85: 374;Davies, J.L. et al. 1971 "The Hut Settlement on Gateholm, Pembrokeshire." Archaeologia Cambrensis 120: 102-10. 104, 106.

FN271 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 75.

FN272 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 77.

FN273 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 77-8; Evans, E. et al. 1985 "A Third-Century Maritime Establishment at Cold Knap, Barry, South Glamorgan." Britannia 16: 94, 103.

FN274 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 77; Evans, E. et al. 1985 "A Third-Century Maritime Establishment at Cold Knap, Barry, South Glamorgan." Britannia 16: 63-68, 90.

FN275 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 77; Evans, E. et al. 1985 "A Third-Century Maritime Establishment at Cold Knap, Barry, South Glamorgan." Britannia 16: 122; Dowdell, G. 1984 "Glan-y-Mor, Barry." In H.N. Savory (ed.) Glamorgan County History, vol. 2, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 344.

FN276 Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 77; Evans, E. et al. 1985 "A Third-Century Maritime Establishment at Cold Knap, Barry, South Glamorgan." Britannia 16:108. "In short," writes Lane, Alan. 1988 "Glan-y-Mor." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff:78, "there is good reason to think that there was early medieval activity in the ruins of a Roman building at Glan-y-mor and possibly traces of a small building or buildings."

FN277 Kelly, Richard S. 1990 "Recent Research on the Hut Group Settlements of North-West Wales." In B. Burnham and J. Davies (eds.) Conquest, Co-Existence and Change. St David's Univ. College, Lampeter, Dyfed: 104.

FN278 Kelly, Richard S. 1990 "Recent Research on the Hut Group Settlements of North-West Wales." In B. Burnham and J. Davies (eds.) Conquest, Co-Existence and Change. St David's Univ. College, Lampeter, Dyfed:104; Kelly, Richard S. 1988 "Graenog." In N. Edwards and A. Lane Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 79.

FN278a Nenk, Beverley N. et al. "Briton Ferry, Hen Gastell (SS 732 940)," in "Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1991." Medieval Archaeology 36: 301-2.

FN279 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 88.

FN280 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 88 and Appendix 1. Campbell describes one of these glass vessles as "from a cone-beaker with opaque white marvered trails identical to a vessel from Dinas Powys." See also Campbell, Ewan and Lane, Alan. 1993 "Excavations at Longbury Bank, Dyfed." Medieval Archaeology 37: 15 and 21.

FN281 Campbell, Ewan and Lane, Alan. 1993 "Excavations at Longbury Bank, Dyfed." Medieval Archaeology 37: 15 and 21.

FN282 Campbell, Ewan and Lane, Alan. 1993 "Excavations at Longbury Bank, Dyfed." Medieval Archaeology 37: 15 and 21; Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 89.

FN283 Alcock in Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff:89.

FN284 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 88; Green, H.S. 1986 "Excavations at Little Hoyle (Longbury Bank) Wales, in 1984." In D.A. Roe (ed.) Studies in the Upper Paleolithic of Britain and NW Europe. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. 296. Oxford, pp. 99-119

FN285 Campbell, Ewan. 1988 "Longbury Bank." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.), Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 89.

FN286 Campbell, Ewan and Lane, Alan. 1993 "Excavations at Longbury Bank, Dyfed." Medieval Archaeology 37: 62. The authors (page 15) interpret Longbury as an "undefended high status secular site."

FN287 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 98; Boon, George C. 1986 "Theodosian Coins from North and South Wales." BBCS 33: 434-35. The hoard was discovered at Holyhead Mountain Tower. The clipped siliqua bears the reverse legend VIRTVS ROMANORVM, which would place it in the date range 392-408.

FN288 Smith, C.A. 1987 "Excavations at the Ty Mawr Hut-Circles, Holyhead, Anglesey, Part IV: Chronology and Discussion." Archaeologia Cambrensis 136: 27ff.

FN289 Smith, C.A. 1987 "Excavations at the Ty Mawr Hut-Circles, Holyhead, Anglesey, Part IV: Chronology and Discussion." Archaeologia Cambrensis 136: 21, 29, and 34. Smith (page 25) states that these determinations "together form one of the tightest groups of radiocarbon dates the author has ever seen." See also Edwards, Nancy. 1988 "Ty Mawr." In N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds.) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales AD 400-1100, Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 119-20; and Kelly, Richard S. 1990 "Recent Research on the Hut Group Settlements of North-West Wales." In B. Burnham and J. Davies (eds.) Conquest, Co-Existence and Change. St David's Univ. College, Lampeter, Dyfed: 104.

FN290 Kelly, Richard S. 1990 "Recent Research on the Hut Group Settlements of North-West Wales." In B. Burnham and J. Davies (eds.) Conquest, Co-Existence and Change. St David's Univ. College, Lampeter, Dyfed: 104.

FN291 Kelly, Richard S. 1990 "Recent Research on the Hut Group Settlements of North-West Wales." In B. Burnham and J. Davies (eds.) Conquest, Co-Existence and Change. St David's Univ. College, Lampeter, Dyfed: 120; Smith, C.A. 1985 "Excavations at the Ty Mawr Hut-Circles, Holyhead, Anglesey. Part II." Archaeologia Cambrensis 134: 38.

FN292 Smith, C.A. 1987 "Excavations at the Ty Mawr Hut-Circles, Holyhead, Anglesey, Part IV: Chronology and Discussion." Archaeologia Cambrensis 136: 36.

FN293 Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 287-89.

FN294 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 94.

FN295 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 57; Laing and Laing, West Cheshire, 42; McPeake, J.C. 1978 "The End of the Affair." In T.J. Strickland and P.J. Davey (eds.) New Evidence for Roman Chester. Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool: 43.

FN296 Strickland, T.J. 1982 "Chester." Current Archaeology 84: 6.

FN297 Strickland, T.J. 1982 "Chester." Current Archaeology 84: 6.

FN298McPeake, J.C. 1978 "The End of the Affair." In T.J. Strickland and P.J. Davey (eds.) New Evidence for Roman Chester. Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool: 41.

FN299 McPeake, J.C. 1978 "The End of the Affair." In T.J. Strickland and P.J. Davey (eds.) New Evidence for Roman Chester. Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool:43; Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 25; Higham, N.J. 1993 The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester and New York: 65.

FN300 Higham, N.J. 1993 The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester and New York: 66.

FN301 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1986 The Dark Ages of West Cheshire . Cheshire County Council Monograph Series 6. County Council, Cheshire: 42.

FN302 Higham, N.J. 1993 The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester and New York: 66.

FN303 Ward, Simon. 1988 Excavations at Chester: 12 Watergate Street 1985. Roman Headquarters Building to Medieval Row. Chester City Council: 26.

FN304 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 2.2.

FN305 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 2.2. This is corroborated by the Annales Cambriae In Morris, John (ed. and trans.) 1980 Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals. Phillimore, London and Chichester: 613. The Laings see Bede's use of civitas as implying a thriving settlement. Cf. Higham, N.J. 1993 The Origins of Cheshire. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester and New York: 85.

FN306 Nennius, Historia Brittonum, Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals. Edited and translated by John Morris. 1980 : Phillimore, London: 56. Rivet, A.L.F. and Colin Smith. 1979 The Place-Names of Roman Britain. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ: 337.

FN307 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1986 The Dark Ages of West Cheshire . Cheshire County Council Monograph Series 6. County Council, Cheshire: 27.

FN308 For a discussion of the significant topographical and literary evidence for the survival of Chester's Roman structures well into the medieval period, see Strickland, T.J. 1984 "The Roman Heritage of Chester: The Survival of the Buildings of Deva after the Roman Period." Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 67, 17-36.

FN309 Wacher, John S. 1976 "Late Roman Developments." In A. McWhirr (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Cirencester. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 30. Oxford: 15; Richard and Catling, Christopher. 1975 Cirencester: The Development and Buildings of a Cotswold Town. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 12. Oxford: 9.

FN310 Wacher, John S. 1976 "Late Roman Developments." In A. McWhirr (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Cirencester. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 30. Oxford: 15. Within the mortar of the masonry there was embedded a piece of color-coated pottery of the late fourth century.

FN311 Wacher, John S. 1976 "Late Roman Developments." In A. McWhirr (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Cirencester. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 30. Oxford: 16. Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76, point out that one of these bodies was found associated with medieval pottery.

FN312 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 311; and Thomas, Charles. 1981 Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Batsford, London: 133.

FN313 Wacher, Towns,Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 311

FN314 McWhirr et al., Cirencester Excavations II , 27; McWhirr, Alan. 1993 "Cirencester 'Corinium Dobunnorum.'" In S. Greep (ed.) Roman Towns: The Wheeler Inheritance, . CBA Research Report 93. CBA, York: 48. McWhirr believes that one of these cemeteries may have been in use well into the fifth or even the sixth century.

FN315 Wacher, John S. 1976 "Late Roman Developments." In A. McWhirr (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Cirencester. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 30. Oxford: 17 n.11. Wacher cites "a personal communication with Dr. Richard Reece," but does not describe the coins.

FN316 Wacher, John S. 1976 "Late Roman Developments." In A. McWhirr (ed.) Studies in the Archaeology and History of Cirencester. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 30. Oxford: 17.

FN317 McWhirr, Alan et al (eds.) 1982 Cirencester Excavations II: Romano-British Cemeteries at Cirencester. Cirencester Excavations Committee, Cirencester: 27.

FN318 Reece, Richard and Catling, Christopher. 1975 Cirencester: The Development and Buildings of a Cotswold Town. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 12. Oxford: 9: "The church no doubt continued, a titular chief or king continued, but few buildings needed to be kept up for human occupation."

FN319 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 211-17.

FN320 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1994 Discovery by Design: The Identification of Secular Elite Settlements in Western Britain AD 400-700. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 237. Tempvs Reparatvm, Oxford: 98 and n.308.

FN321 Hurst, Derek. 1991 "Major Saxon Discoveries at Droitwich." Current Archaeology 126: 254.

FN322 Heighway, Carolyn. 1987 Anglo-Saxon Gloucestershire. Sutton, Gloucester: 3-5, 12; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester.

FN323 Heighway, Carolyn. 1987 Anglo-Saxon Gloucestershire. Sutton, Gloucester: 12.

FN324 Hurst, H.R. 1986 Gloucester, The Roman and Later Defences. Archaeological Publications, Gloucester: 123-24.

FN325 Hurst, H.R. 1972 "Excavations at Gloucester, 1968-71." Antiquaries Journal 52, 24-69 58; Heighway, C.M. et al. 1979 "Excavations at 1 Westgate Street, Gloucester." Medieval Archaeology 23: 159.

FN326 Heighway, C.M. et al. 1979 "Excavations at 1 Westgate Street, Gloucester." Medieval Archaeology 23:165.

FN327Heighway, C.M. et al. 1979 "Excavations at 1 Westgate Street, Gloucester." Medieval Archaeology 23: 163.

FN328 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76.

FN329Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76. ; Hurst, H.R. 1974 "Excavations at Gloucester, 1971-3, Second Interim Report, Part II." Antiquaries Journal 54, 8-52.23. Fel. Temp. Reparatio coins were introduced in 348. Imitations, which occur predominantly in Britain, belong to the third quarter of the fourth century. See Grierson, Philip and Mays, Melinda. 1992 Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC: 71; and Brickstock, R.J. 1987 Copies of the Fel Temp Reparatio Coinage in Britain: A Study of Their Chronology and Archaeological Significance Including Gazetteers of Hoards and Site Finds. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 176. Oxford: 112-17.

FN330 Jones, Myfanwy Lloyd. 1984 Society and Settlement in Wales and the Marches (500 BC to AD 1100). 2 vols. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 121. Oxford: 66; Nenk, Beverley N. et al. 1992 "Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1991," Medieval Archaeology, 35: 225.

FN331 The Romano-British pottery at Gloucester was not locally made (the shell-tempered ware came from the Midlands, the Oxfordshire ware from the Upper Thames Valley), which supports the view that Gloucester's forum remained an active marketplace in the sub-Roman period. See Heighway, C.M. et al. 1979 "Excavations at 1 Westgate Street, Gloucester." Medieval Archaeology 23: 171.

FN332 Hurst, H.R. 1975 "Excavations at Gloucester, Third Interim Report: Kingsholm, 1965-75." Antiquaries Journal 55, 267-94: 272.

FN333 Bryant, R. 1980 "Excavations at the Church of St Mary de Lode, Gloucester." Bulletin of the CBA Churches Committee 13: 15-18; Heighway, Carolyn. 1987 Anglo-Saxon Gloucestershire. Sutton, Gloucester: 10-11; Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London: 26; Morris, Richard. 1989 Churches in the Landscape. Dent, London: 35.

FN334 See Bassett, Steven. 1989 "Churches in Worcester Before and After the Anglo-Saxons." Antiquaries J 69: 243.

FN335 Zeepvat, R.J. et al. 1987 Roman Milton Keynes. Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society, Aylesbury: 10.

FN336 Marney, P.T. 1989 Roman and Belgic Pottery from Excavations in Milton Keynes 1972-82. Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society: 54.

FN337 Fulford, Michael G. 1982 "Silchester." Current Archaeology 82: 328.

FN338 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London.: 72.

FN339 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London. ;Fulford, Michael G. 1989 The Silchester Amphitheatre: Excavations of 1979-85. Britannia Monograph Series 10. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, London.

FN340 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London: 73; Fulford, Michael G. 1984 Silchester Defences 1974-80. Britannia Monograph Series 5. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, London: 237.

FN341 Boon, George C. 1959 "The Latest Objects from Silchester, Hampshire." Medieval Archaeology 3, 79-88. surveys most of this evidence.

FN342 Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London: 12, briefly summarizes the evidence.

FN343 Boon, George C. 1983 The Roman Town 'Calleva Atrebatum' at Silchester, Hampshire. Calleva Museum, Reading: 72-73, 181-83. Though the basilical plan is also similar to some mystery-cult temples in Rome, the Silchester structure is different in that it contains a transept in front of the apse. Boon thus concludes (175): "This is the one particular element of the design which enables us to identify the building beyond doubt as a church."

FN344 Boon, George C. 1983 The Roman Town 'Calleva Atrebatum' at Silchester, Hampshire. Calleva Museum, Reading: 4, 72-73, 181-83; Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London: 12 suggests a date of c.360 or later.

FN345 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London: 77-78. It is perhaps significant that this inscription is not accompanied by Latin text, as are most Christian Ogom inscriptions. For the debate over the authenticity of this inscription, see Fulford, M. and Sellwood, B. 1980 "The Silchester Ogham: A Reconsideration," Antiquity 54, 95-99; Boon, G.C. 1980 "The Silchester Ogham," Antiquity 54, 122-3; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 150.

FN346 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London: 77-78; Boon, George C. 1983 The Roman Town 'Calleva Atrebatum' at Silchester, Hampshire. Calleva Museum, Reading: 8.

FN347 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London: 77; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages St Martin's, New York: 75.

FN348 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva David and Charles, London: 78-80; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages St Martin's, New York: 75; Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 276 and 419; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London. 198; and Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1993 Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300-800. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester. 101, 150-51. However, as Dark has pointed out, the Silchester dykes have not yet been securely dated.

FN349 Boon, George C. 1974 Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva. David and Charles, London: 8.

FN350 Webster, Graham. 1971 "A Roman System of Fortified Posts along Watling Street, Britain." In S. Applebaum (ed.) Roman Frontier Studies 1967. Univ. of Tel Aviv Press, Tel Aviv, 38-45. See also Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 276.

FN351 Kent, J. 1964 " The Coins " In Jim Gould, "Excavations at Wall (Staffordshire), 1961-3." TSSAHS 5: 19; Webster, Graham. 1985 Wall Roman Site. English Heritage, London: 8; Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 278; Symons, D.J. 1955 "The Bronze Chi-Rho Bowl from Wall." TSSAHS 34: 1. George Boon (in Symons) dates the bowl to the fourth century AD. Thanks to Jim Gould for the Kent and Symons references.

FN352 Historia Brittonum In Morris, John (ed. and trans.) 1980 Nennius: British History and the Welsh Annals. Phillimore, London and Chichester: 66a.

FN353 Webster, Graham. 1985 Wall Roman Site. English Heritage, London: 9. Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 79, state that Wall is the only (Roman?) town in the list that was not a cantonial capital, and assume Nennius must have had special knowledge to prompt him to include it.

FN354 Webster, Graham. 1985 Wall Roman Site. English Heritage, London: 9-10: "Here may be preserved in poetic form the memory of a clash between the Celtic pagan west and the remnants of the Romano-British Christian community in that twilight period in the fifth and sixth centuries before the advent of the Saxon settlers."

FN355 See Bassett, Steven. 1989 "Churches in Worcester Before and After the Anglo-Saxons." Antiquaries J 69: 34-35; and Rowland, Jenny. 1990 Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion, Boydell and Brewer, Cambridge. Bassett shows that there was a British see (and possibly a monastery) at sub-Roman Wall which was succeeded by St. Michael's church in the adjacent settlement of Lichfield. This could explain Eddius Stephanus's statement (Life of Wilfrid , ch. 15 In Webb, J.F. (trans.) 1983 The Age of Bede. Penguin, NY.) that Lichfield was "a suitable place" to establish the see of the Mercians in 669. The see was given to the Irish-schooled Chad, who was consecrated (first) by schismatic British bishops.

FN356 Bassett, Steven. 1989 "Churches in Worcester Before and After the Anglo-Saxons." Antiquaries J 69: 243.

FN357 Barker, P.A. et al. 1974 " Two Burials under the Refectory at Worcester Cathedral." Medieval Archaeology 18, 146-51.

FN358 Bassett, Steven. 1989 "Churches in Worcester Before and After the Anglo-Saxons." Antiquaries J 69: 238-40; Bassett, Steven. 1992 "Church and Diocese in the West Midlands: The Transition from British to Anglo-Saxon Control," In J. Blair and R. Sharpe (eds.) Pastoral Care Before the Parish, Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 24ff.

FN359 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 373. Wacher points out that finds of lead-weighted javelins (martiobarbuli) indicate that "the regular army were passing through Wroxeter in the very late fourth or early fifth century."

FN360 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 373; White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 5.

FN361 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 79.

FN362 White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 6.

FN363 White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 6. White suggests 420-50, though he takes for granted the collapse of Britain's money economy at this time.

FN364 White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 6.

FN365 Barker quoted in Michael Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages (New York: Facts on File, 1987), 47.

FN366 Barker quoted in Michael Wood, In Search of the Dark Ages (New York: Facts on File, 1987), 47.

FN367 White, "Excavations," White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 7. Cf. Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 153: "The main phase of timber buildings is interpreted by the excavator as the residence and compound of a fifth-century notable."

FN368 Webster, Graham. 1975 The Cornovii. Duckworth, London: 117. This model, however, does not explain the relationship between the "villa" and the rest of the city, which seems to have shared in the renewed prosperity. Mike Corbishley (1981 Town Life in Roman Britain. Harrap, London: 47) notes the significance of the rebuilding of both public and private buildings in fifth-century Wroxeter.

FN369 Dixon, Philip. "'The cities are not populated as once they were.'" In J. Rich (ed.) The City in Late Antiquity, Routledge, London: 147.

FN370 White, Roger. 1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 7.

FN371 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 152.

FN372 White (1990 "Excavations on the Site of the Baths Basilica." In P. Barker (ed.) From Roman 'Virconium' to Medieval Wroxeter. West Mercian Archaeological Consultants, Ltd, Worcester: 7) states that ". . . there is no evidence for a sack of the town by Anglo-Saxons, who moved into this area in the later 6th or early 7th century." Crickmore (1984 Romano-British Urban Settlements in the West Midlands. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 127. Oxford: 96) believes that the organized construction and abandonment at Wroxeter "suggest . . . some form of controlling authority."

FN373 Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 16.

FN374 Webster, Graham and Barker, Philip. 1991 Wroxeter Roman City. English Heritage, London: 28. The full inscription, in Latin, reads CUNORIX MAQUS MAQUI COLONI, "Hound King, son of the Son of the Holly."

FN375 Webster, Graham. 1975 The Cornovii. Duckworth, London: 114; Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 374. See, however, Gelling, Margaret. 1992 The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester: 26-27: "I find it easier to think of Cunorix as a guest, a high-ranking visitor to a British court, whose hosts had sufficient courtesy and just sufficient literacy to give him a memorial in the style appropriate to his nationality. This stone seems to me a strong piece of evidence for the maintenance of a high-status sub-Roman lifestyle at Wroxeter far into the fifth century, probably in peaceful conditions."

FN376 Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 239-40; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 79.

FN377 Wilson, David M. 1968 "An Early Christian Cemetery at Ancaster." In M.W. Barley and R.P.C. Hanson Christianity in Britain 300-700. Leicester Univ. Press, Leicester, 197-200; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 79.

FN378 Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 240. The excavator's claim that these cremations date to "the period prior to AD 450" must, however, be taken with some suspicion.

FN379 Thomas, Charles. 1967 "An Early Christian Cemetery and Chapel in Ardwall Isle, Kircudbright." Medieval Archaeology 11: 127; Morris, Richard. 1983 The Church in British Archaeology. CBA Res. Report 47. CBA, London: 51.

FN380 Thomas, Charles. 1967 "An Early Christian Cemetery and Chapel in Ardwall Isle, Kircudbright." Medieval Archaeology 11:158-62.

FN381 Thomas, Charles. 1967 "An Early Christian Cemetery and Chapel in Ardwall Isle, Kircudbright." Medieval Archaeology 11: 169, 174.

FN382 Ferris, I.M. and Jones R.F.J. 1980 "Excavations at Binchester 1976-9." In W.S. Hanson and L.J.F. Keppie (eds.) Roman Frontier Studies 1979, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser. 71. Oxford: 233-54; Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London: 143.

FN383 Welsby, Derek A. 1982 The Roman Military Defence of the British Provinces in its Later Phases. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 101. Oxford: 131, postulates sub-Roman activity here.

FN384 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 111-20. 112, 119-20.

FN385 Crone, Anne. 1991 "Buiston Crannog." Current Archaeology 127: 295-97

FN386 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 111-20. 112, 119-20.

FN387 McCarthy, M.R. 1990 A Roman, Anglian and Medieval Site at Blackfriars Street. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Kendal, Cumbria: 45, 103, 369-72. These reconstructions are associated with 38 coins dating after 364 and ending with a coin of Arcadius.

FN388 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 58.

FN389 Keevill, G.D. et al. 1989 "A Solidus of Valentinian II from Scotch Street, Carlisle." Britannia 20: 254. Two coins dating 341-46 and 364-75 were hidden between the floor slabs of the townhouse.

FN390 A solidus of Valentinian II was found in the mud infill of the partly water-logged cellar of the townhouse. The solidus (Mattingly, Harold et al., eds. 1923-94 Roman Imperial Coinage. 10 vols. Spink, London: 9.90a) bears the obverse legend D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG, and was minted between 388 and 392. See Keevill, G.D. et al. 1989 "A Solidus of Valentinian II from Scotch Street, Carlisle." Britannia 20: 254.

FN391 Keevill, G.D. et al. 1989 "A Solidus of Valentinian II from Scotch Street, Carlisle." Britannia 20: 254: "The solidus suggests that the hypocaust fell from use at the end of the fourth or early fifth century. The room continued in use for a layer of opus signium 0.1m thick sealed the slab floor with a further two floor levels above. There are, therefore, strong grounds for believing that this building continued well into the fifth century." Cf. McCarthy, M.R. 1990 A Roman, Anglian and Medieval Site at Blackfriars Street. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, Kendal, Cumbria: 300: "This high-status building clearly continued in use for some considerable time into the fifth century."

FN392 Higham, Nicholas and Barri Jones. 1985 The Carvetii. Sutton, Gloucester: 133; Higham, Nicholas. 1986 The Northern Counties to AD 1000. Longman, London: 263.

FN393 Thomas, Charles. 1981 Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Batsford, London: ch. 13. This would appear even more likely if Carlisle was the capital of the late-formed province of Valentia. See Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 52, 58.

FN394 Vita Sancti Cuthberti, 4, written by an anonymous monk of Lindisfarne c.700. Cf. Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 51.

FN395 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 58.

FN396 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 116-17.

FN397Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 116-17; Hartley, B.R. and Fitts, R. Leon. 1988 The Brigantes. Sutton, Gloucester: 115.

FN398 Burnham, Barry C. and Wacher, John. 1990 The 'Small Towns' of Roman Britain. B.T. Batsford, London: 117.

FN399 Higham, Nicholas. 1986 The Northern Counties to AD 1000. Longman, London: 263, 273.

FN400 Alcock, "Gwyr y Gogledd,"Alcock, Leslie. 1983 "Gwyr y Gogledd: An Archaeological Appraisal." Archaeologia Cambrensis 132: 15-17; Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 250-54.

FN401 Alcock, Leslie. 1983 "Gwyr y Gogledd: An Archaeological Appraisal." Archaeologia Cambrensis 132: 9:Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 244.

FN402 Reynolds, Nicholas. 1980 "Dark Age Timber Halls and the Background to Excavation at Balbridie." Scottish Archaeological Forum 10, 41-60.

FN403 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 244.

FN404 Hope-Taylor, Brian. 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. HMSO, London: 19.

FN405 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 244f.

FN406 Alcock (1988 "The Activities of Potentates in Celtic Britain, AD 500-800: A Positivist Approach." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 28) cites evidence that the hall (which?) at Doon Hill was destroyed by fire.

FN407 See Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 162; and Alcock, Leslie. 1988 " The Activities of Potentates in Celtic Britain, AD 500-800: A Positivist Approach." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 31.

FN408 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 235.

FN409 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 235-36.

FN410 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff:235; Alcock, Leslie. 1988 " The Activities of Potentates in Celtic Britain, AD 500-800: A Positivist Approach." In S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke (eds.) Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh: 28.

FN411 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: fig. 16.3; Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 9-11, 20.

FN412 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 236.

FN413 Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London. 232: "It is certainly clear that the Wall was not abandoned as a result of these troop withdrawals."

FN414 Collingwood, R.G. and R.P. Wright, eds. 1965 Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Vol. 1. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: No. 2331. See also Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 112 and n.10.

FN415 Selkirk and Wilmott, 288-91; Dark, "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence," 112, 119-20; Laing and Laing, Celtic Britain, 119.

FN416 Selkirk, Andrew and Wilmott, Tony. 1989 "Birdoswald: Dark-Age Halls in a Roman Fort?" Current Archaeology 116: 288-91.

FN417Selkirk, Andrew and Wilmott, Tony. 1989 "Birdoswald: Dark-Age Halls in a Roman Fort?" Current Archaeology 116: 291.

FN418 rere, S.S. et al. 1988 "Roman Britain in 1987." Britannia 19: 436-37; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 111-12, 119-20.

FN419 MacAlister, R.A.S. 1945 Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum. Vol. 1. Stationery Office, Dublin: 498. See Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London: 233; Burn, A. R. 1969 The Romans in Britain: An Anthology of Inscriptions Univ. of S. Carolina Press, Columbia, SC 177.

FN420 Crow, J.G. 1989 Housesteads Roman Fort. English Heritage, London: 49; Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 119-20.

FN421 Crow, J.G. 1989 Housesteads Roman Fort. English Heritage, London: 49-50.

FN422 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 112, 119.

FN423 See Keevill, G.D. et al. 1989 "A Solidus of Valentinian II from Scotch Street, Carlisle." Britannia 20: 255. This hoard contained 4 coins of Valentinian I, 2 of Valens, 16 of Gratian, 8 of Valentinian II, 5 of Theodosius I, and 13 of Magnus Maximus.

FN424 Dore, J.N. 1989 Corbridge Roman Site. English Heritage, London: 27; Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London: 233.

FN425 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 113, 115, 120.

FN426 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 119.

FN427 Bidwell, Paul and Stephen Speak. 1989 "South Shields." Current Archaeology 116: 287.

FN428 RIC 9.2b (London mint). See Keevill, G.D. et al. 1989 "A Solidus of Valentinian II from Scotch Street, Carlisle." Britannia 20: 255.

FN429 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 112, 119.

FN430 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 112, 119; Johnson, Stephen, 1989 Hadrian's Wall. Batsford/English Heritage: 115; Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London: 231.

FN431 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 112, 119; Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London: 233.

FN432 Breeze, David J. and Dobson, Brian. 1987 Hadrian's Wall. 3rd ed. Penguin, London: 234.

FN433 Birley, Robin. 1973 Civilians on the Roman Frontier. Graham, Newcastle: 60.

FN434 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 115, 118.

FN435 Dark, Kenneth Rainsbury. 1992 "A Sub-Roman Re-Defence of Hadrian's Wall?" Britannia 23: 115.

FN436 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 136-37.

FN437 Todd, Malcolm. 1991 The Coritani. Sutton, Gloucester. 140; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76-77; Stafford, Pauline. 1985 The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, London: 87. Caedbaed (Catuboduos) appears in a genealogy of Aldfrith, an eighth-century English king of Lindsey.

FN438 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 2.16. Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 137: "We might wonder if the colonial territorium became one of the protected reserves which seem to have occurred in parts of Britain during the earliest part of the Anglo-Saxon period, when an equilibrium was reached between the Romano-British inhabitants of the area and the incoming settlers." Cf. Stafford, Pauline. 1985 The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, London: 87.

FN439 Thomas, Charles. 1981 A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland. Institute of Cornish Studies, Truro, Cornwall: 14; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 76-77.

FN440 Gilmour, B. 1979 "The Anglo-Saxon Church at St Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln." Medieval Archaeology 23, 214-18.

FN441 Esmonde Cleary, A.S. 1989 The Ending of Roman Britain. Batsford, London. 152; Todd, Malcolm. 1991 The Coritani. Sutton, Gloucester: 140. Stafford (1985 The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester Univ. Press, London: 87) suggests that this sub-Roman Christian community buried their dead on the site of a then-ruined fourth-century church.

FN442 Laing, Lloyd. 1975 "The Mote of Mark and the Origins of Celtic Interlace." Antiquity 49: 98-108.

FN443 Radiocarbon calibrations failed to give a more precise date. See Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 241.

FN444 Laing, Lloyd. 1975 "The Mote of Mark and the Origins of Celtic Interlace." Antiquity 49: 98-108; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 58

FN445 Graham-Campbell, James et al. 1976 "The Mote of Mark and Celtic Interlace." Antiquity 50: 48-53.

FN446 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 241.

FN447 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 241.

FN448 Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 58-59.

FN449 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 241.

FN450 Longley, David. 1982 "The Date of the Mote of Mark." Antiquity 56, 132-34.

FN451 Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 241. Alcock also points out (239) the superstitious awe with which Celtic smiths and craftsmen were regarded in Irish myth, where they often possess their own defended homesteads.

FN452 Potter, T.W. 1979 Romans in North-West England. Cumbria: T. Wilson, Kendal. 45.

FN453 Potter, T.W. 1979 Romans in North-West England. Cumbria: T. Wilson, Kendal: 366.

FN454 Higham, Nicholas and Barri Jones. 1985 The Carvetii. Sutton, Gloucester: 128.

FN455 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 3.4. For discussion on the career of Ninian, see Thomas, Charles. 1981 Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500. Batsford, London: ch. 11; MacQueen, John. 1990 St Nynia. Polygon, Edinburgh.

FN456 Hill, Peter. 1992 Whithorn 4: Excavations 1990-1, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 4.

FN457 Hill, Peter. 1992 Whithorn 4: Excavations 1990-1, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 7.

FN458 Hill, Peter. 1988 Whithorn 2: Excavations 1984-7, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 5.

FN459 Hill, Peter. 1988 Whithorn 2: Excavations 1984-7, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 9.

FN460 Hill, Peter. 1992 Whithorn 4: Excavations 1990-1, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 7.

FN461 Hill, Peter. 1992 Whithorn 4: Excavations 1990-1, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 8.

FN462 Higham, Nicholas and Barri Jones. 1985 The Carvetii. Sutton, Gloucester: 130.

FN463 Hill, Peter. 1992 Whithorn 4: Excavations 1990-1, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 8.

FN464 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London: 97. See also Hill, Peter. 1988 Whithorn 2: Excavations 1984-7, Interim Report. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn: 4 : "None of our sources credit St. Ninian with the conversion of Galloway and we must safely conclude that he was chosen as bishop by a Christian community already in existence."

FN465 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London: 99.

FN466 Thomas, Charles. 1986 Celtic Britain. Thames and Hudson, London:; Oram, R.D. 1987 A Journey Through Time 2: The Archaeology of Wigtownshire. Whithorn Trust, Whithorn.12-13; Higham, Nicholas and Barri Jones. 1985 The Carvetii. Sutton, Gloucester: 128. Other inscribed stones, dating from the sixth to the twelfth century, have been found at Kirkmadrine and St. Ninian's Cave, a popular early medieval pilgrimage stop.

FN467 Alcock, Leslie. 1979 "The North Britons, the Picts and the Scots." In P.J. Casey (ed.) The End of Roman Britain, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 71. Oxford: 136.

FN468 Hope-Taylor, Brian. 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. HMSO, London; Alcock, Leslie. 1984 "Gwyr y Gogledd: An Archaeological Appraisal." Archaeologia Cambrensis 132: 6; Alcock, Leslie. 1987 Economy, Society and Warfare Among the Britons and Saxons. Univ. of Wales Press, Cardiff: 242-43.

FN469 Hope-Taylor, Brian. 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. HMSO, London: 267.

FN470 Hope-Taylor, Brian. 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. HMSO, London: 242 and Fig. 57.

FN471 Hope-Taylor, Brian. 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. HMSO, London: 271.

FN472 Alcock, Leslie. 1988 Bede, Eddius and the Forts of the North Britons. Jarrow Lecture: 7-8.

FN473 Faull, Margaret L. 1984 "Settlement and Society in North-East England in the Fifth Century." In P.R. Wilson et al. (eds.), Settlement and Society in the Roman North, Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Bradford, West Yorkshire: 51.

FN474 Welsby, Derek A. 1982 The Roman Military Defence of the British Provinces in its Later Phases. Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Ser. 101. Oxford: 131.

FN475 Wacher, John S. 1974 The Towns of Roman Britain. Univ. of Cal. Press, Berkeley, CA: 176; Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. 1990 Celtic Britain and Ireland AD 200-800: The Myth of the Dark Ages. St Martin's, New York: 72. See now, however, Ottaway, Patrick. 1993. Roman York Batsford, London

FN476 Campbell, James, 1982. 'The Lost Centuries' ," chapter in Campbell, James, (ed.) 1982 The Anglo-Saxons. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY: 39.

FN477 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 1.29.

FN478 Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Edited with an introduction by Judith McClure and Roger Collins. 1994. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford: 2.9ff. Cf.Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Laud Chronicle). Edited and Translated by G. N. Garmonsway. 1994. J.M. Dent, London. sub annum 626. See also Kemp, Richard L. 1996 Anglian Settlement at 46-54 Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 7/1. CBA, York

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