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Results

At all times the bones were identified as if they were archaeological specimens. The results for all elements are presented in Table 1.

Key
X Not side specific or identifiable
X Left-hand side of skeleton
X Right-hand side of skeleton
Name of Bone25 ... 75 ... 175 ... 375 Paces Index of Robustness
Neurocranium
Basioccipital XXXX 1
Ethmoid XX 5
Frontal XXX 3
Opisthotic XX 5
Otolith XXXX 2
Parasphenoid XXXX 1
Prefrontal XX 5
Squamosal XX 5
Supraoccipital XXX 3
Vomer XXXX 1
Suspensorium
Angular XX 5
Articular XXX 3
Dentary XXXX 1
Ectopterygoid XXX 4
Entopterygoid XX 5
Maxilla XXXX 1
Metapterygoid XX 5
Palatine XXX 4
Premaxilla XXXX 1
Quadrate XXXX 2
Interopercular XXX 4
Lacrymal XX 5
Nasal XX 5
Opercular XXXX2
Preopercular XX 5
Subopercular XX 5
Hyomandibular etc.
Ceratohyal XXX 4
Epihyal XX 5
Hyomandibular XXX 4
Hypohyal XXX 4
Stylohyal XXX 3
Symplectic XX 5
Urohyal XX 5
Branchial Region
Upper Pharyngeals XXX 4
Lower Pharyngeals XX 5
Cleithrum XXX 3
Coracoid XX 5
Post-cleithrum XX 5
Post-temporal XXXX 2
Scapular XX 5
Supracleithrum XXX 3
Name of Vertebra 25 Paces 75 Paces 175 Paces 375 Paces Index of Robustness
First Vertebra 1 1 1 1 1
Precaudal Grp 1 4 4 3 3 2
Precaudal Grp 2 6 5 1 1 4
Precaudal Grp 3 10 7 2 0 5
Caudal Grp 4 19 19 8 4 3
Caudal Grp 5 10 8 7 6 2
Table 1: Breakage patterns of bones in a large cod, Gadus morhua (Total Length of cod=109cm)

Some bones quickly became so damaged that they were not recognisable, while others persisted as identifiable fragments until the end of the experiment.

It was possible to determine an 'Index of Robustness (IR)' for the bones in this experiment. Bones that remained in an identifiable form after the experiment were assigned the value 1. Those which disappeared from the record after 175 paces trampling were assigned an IR of 5. Intermediate gradings were assigned for other elements, depending on when the bones became 'archaeologically invisible'.


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Last updated: Thu Dec 16 1999